Linguistic Imperialism in the Context of Nepal

g]kfnsf] kl/j]zdf eflifs ;fd|fHojfb

(Linguistic Imperialism in the Context of Nepal)

                       

d, d]/f], xfdL / xfd|f klxrfgsf w/f]x/x¿ efiff, ;+:s[lt, e]ife'iff, rfnrng, /Lltl/jfh tyf d"NodfGotf xg\ . oL ;Dk"0f{ kIfx? Ps cfk;df lgtfGt cGt;{DalGwt 5g\ . ;d[4 ;+:s[lt, e]ife'iff, rfnrng, /Lltl/jfh tyf d"NodfGotfx?sf] ;du| :j?k g} ;d[4 ;dfh xf] . efiff ;dfhdf JofKt ;Dk"0f{ rfnrng, /Lltl/jfh, d"NodfGotf, lqmofsnfksf ;fy} ljZjf;sf] cfk;L ;~rf/sf] dfWod xf] . eflifs ljsf;;“u kl/:s[t ;dfhsf] klxrfg hf]l8Psf] x'G5 . h:t} c+u|]hL, k|m]Gr, rfO{lgh, hfkflgh h:tf ljsl;t efiffx?n] tL /fi6«sf pRr ;d[l4nfO{ k|:6\ofp“b5g\ .

{;fd|fHojfbÚ sf] cjwf/0ff ;fdfGo?kdf cfly{s tyf /fhgLlts If]qx?df a9L k|of]u ul/Psf] kfOG5 .  {;fd|fHojfbÚsf] cy{ s'g} klg Pp6f kIfn] csf]{ kIfdfly Ps5q cflwkTo jf k|efj hdfpg' xf] . (The dominance of one phenomenon over others) s'g} zlQmzfnL /fi6«n] /fhg}lts÷cfly{s÷;F+:s[lts ?kdf cGo /fi6«nfO{ cfºgf] cflwkTo jf k|efjdf /fVg' /fhg}lts÷cfly{s÷;f+:s[lts  ;fd|fHojfb xf] .

s'g} Ps efiffn] cGo ax';+Vos ;d'bfodfly hj/h:t k|e'Tj hdfpg'' eflifs ;fd|fHojfb xf] . hf] ljsl;t / k|efjzfnL ;dfh jf /fi6«x?sf] cGo ljsf;zLn ax'efifL ;dfh jf /fi6«x?df ePsf Psnf}6L eflifs cflwkTo;“u ;DalGwt 5 . (The transfer of a dominant language to other peoples) ljZj kl/j]zdf c+u|]hL efiffsf] k|of]un] cGo efiffx?df, g]kfndf v;÷g]kfnL efiffn] cGo ax';+Vos ;d'bfodfly hdfPsf] k|e'Tj cflb eflifs ;fd|fHojfbsf] HjnGt pbfx/0fx? x'g\ .

eflifs ;fd|fHojfbsf] l;4fGt ;g\ !(() sf] ;'?af6 rrf{df cfPsf] kfOG5 . o;sf] ;zQm k|of]u !((@ df /f]j6{ lkmlnk;g (Robert Philipson) sf] k|Voft lstfj 'Linguistic Imperialism' sf] k|sfzgkl5 ePsf] xf] .

lkmlnk;gsf] cg';f/ æeflifs ;fd|fHojfb cGo ;fdflhs ;fd|fHojfbx? h:t} cfly{s ;fd|fHojfb, /fhg}lts ;fd|fHojfb, ;f+s[lts ;fd|fHojfb cflbsf nflu klxnf] cfwf/ xf] . cyf{t ljZjdf eflifs ;fd|fHojfbsf] lj:tf/kl5 dfq /fhg}lts tyf cGo ;fd|fHojfbx? cl:tŒjdf cfpg ;Sb5 .Æ ("Linguistic imperialism is defined as the power and status of the dominant language. Linguistic imperialism is taken as the prerequisite to other social imperialisms, such as economic imperialism, political imperialism and cultural imperialism and so on." –Philipson, R. 1992)

efiff s'g} klg JolQm tyf /fi6«sf] zlQm, ;Ddfg, cfbz{ tyf k|lti7fsf] ljifo xf] . efiff JolQm tyf /fi6«sf] klxrfg xf] . JolQmn] k|of]u ug{] efiffn] p;sf] ;fdflhs, cfly{s, ;f+:s[lts tyf /fhg}lts cflb cj:yfx?sf klxrfg u/fp“b5g\ . dfS;{jfbL wf/0ffg';f/ eflifs ;fd|fHojfbL ;f]rn] efiffx¿dF lje]bsf] l;h{gf ub{5 . ljsl;t tyf k|efjzfnL efifLx¿n] ax';+Vos ;dfhdf cfºgf] efiff k|of]u ug{ afWo agfp“5g\ .  h:t} g]kfndf g]kfnL efiff af]Ng jf k|of]u ug{' kg{] afWotf eflifs ;fd|fHojfbsf] pbfx/0f xf] . h;sf] kmn:j?k g]kfndf af]lng] w]/} efiffx? nf]k x'g] cj:yfdf k'lu;s]sf 5g\ .

ljutsf] Pp6f efiff – Pp6f b]z gLlt cfh klg g]kfnL dft[efifL÷zfifs ju{x?sf nflu plQs} lk|o 5 . of] g]kfnsf] eflifs ljljwtfsf] 7Ls ljkl/t 5 . eflifs ljljwtf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] nflu qfzsf] ljifo ag]sf] 5 . ljljwtfnfO{ ljv08gsf] kl/efiff lbP/ ;o eGbf a9L efiffx¿ v;÷g]kfnL efiff nfb\g' eflifs ;fd|fHojfbsf] k/fsfi6 xf] . (One nation-one language of the past is still dear to the present ruler class of Nepal. The wrong concept that if there are many languages in the nation, it becomes weak is still believed by many Nepalese particularly by Nepali native speakers.) efifflj1fgsf] zAbdf o:tf] gLltn] g]kfnL efiffnfO{ ax';+Vos efiffx?sf] xTof/fefiff (killer-language) dfq agfpg] 5 . efiff;“u} wd{, ;+:s[lt, k/Dk/f, /xg;xg, /Lltl/jh, rfnrng cflb kIfx¿ k|ToIf hf]l8Psf] x'G5 . o:tf ljljwtf af]s]sf] g]kfnL ;dfhdf ;Dk"0f{ efiffx¿nfO{ pko'Qm ;Daf]wg u/]/ g]kfnnfO{ ;d[4 agfpg ;lsG5 . au}“rfdf yl/yl/sf km"nx¿n] h;/L x/fe/f kfb{5, ToxL xf] efiff klg .

ljåfg\ af]8]6n] eg]sf 5g\,– æPp6} b]zdf s]xL ju{sf dflg;x¿ ;Dk"0f{ z}lIfs tyf j}1flgs k|fljlwx¿sf] pknAwtf x'g', t/ csf]{tkm{ 7"nf] ;+Vofdf /x]sf hgtfx¿ Pp6f cIf/÷j0f{ ljgf af“Rg'n] ;fdflhs zflGt s]jn d[ut[i0ff dfq ;fljt x'G5Æ ("As long as in the same nation some people have all the technical advantages of education and science while others in large number exist without even an alphabet, social peace will be but mocking mirage." - Bodet, 2002) . zflGtk"0f{ Pj+ Goflos ;dfhsf] nflu eflifs ljsf;df Gofof]lrt Joj:yf x'g h?/L 5 . lje]bk"0f{ eflifs gLltn] ;dfhnfO{ ;xL dfu{bz{g ug{ ;Sb}g .

g]kfnsf] Oltxf;nfO{ x]g{] xf] eg], rfN;{; Dofs8f]pun (Charles McDougal, 1979) n] pNn]v u/]g';f/, k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] g]kfn PsLs/0f eGbf cl3 g]kfndf ljleGg efiffx¿sf Gofof]lrt ljsf; ePsf] kfOG5 .  To;} ;dolt/ ls/ftL efiffx? h:t} s'n'ª, y'n''ª, rflDnª, afGtfjf, === cflbsf ;fy} du/, u'?ª, g]jf/, === h:tf efiffx¿ w]/} ljsl;t lyP eGg] tYo klg kfOG5 . cof{n / hf]zL eG5g\, æuf]vf{efiff -g]kfnL_ clxn];Dd km}ln;s]sf] 5}g . c;Eo, h¨nL efifLx? h:t} g]jf/, du/, u'?¨, lnDa", ;'g'jf/, bg'jf/ / yf? cflb h:tf efiffx? clxn];Dd klg k|of]u x“'b} cfO/x]sf 5g\ . ha;Dd uf]vf{efiff -g]kfnL_ n] cGo c;Eo, h¨nL efiffx¿ k5fl8 kfb{}g, Toltv]/;Dd g]kfnL efiffsf] g t ljsf; g} x'g ;S5, g t d'Vo efiff g} aGg ;S5 .Æ ("Gorkha bhasa (Nepali) is not widespread yet. The languages of the barbarians such as Newar, Magar, Gurung, Limbu, Sunuwar, Danuwar and Thahru, etc are still in use. Until and unless Gorkha bhasa does not push other barbarian languages out, it can neither develop nor become the chief language." - Aryal and Joshi, 1917)

g]kfn PsLs/0fkl5 Pp6f b]z–Pp6f efiffsf] kl/sNkgf u/L v;÷g]kfnL efiff ;a}sf nflu afWosf/L agfOof] . o; gLltsf] cjnDag /f0ff zf;gsfn -!)$ jif{_, k|hftGqk|flKt -lj=;+= @))& ;fn_ x'“b} lgb{nLo k~rfotL zf;g Joj:yf -@)!& b]lv @)$^  ;fn_] cflbn] klg lg/Gt/ ul/g} /x] . o;/L nueu tLg ztfAbL nfdf] 3f]/k]nfgdf k/]sf ax';+Vos efiffx¿dWo] s]xL efiffx¿  k"0f{ ?kdf nf]k eO{ ;Sof] / s]xL nf]k x'g] qmddf cem} klg 5g\ . of] eflifs ;fd|fHojfbsf] HjnGt pbfx/0f xf] . @)$^ ;fnsf] hgcfGbf]ngaf6 k|fKt ax'bnLo Joj:yfsf] Dof08]6 cg';f/ @)$& ;fndf hf/L ul/Psf] g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf ;j{k|yd b]jgfu/L lnlk ePsf] g]kfnL efiffnfO{ g]kfnsf] /fi6«efiff tyf sfo{nloo efiffsf] ?kdf ;fy} ljleGg ;d'bfox?df af]lng] cGo ;Dk"0f{ efiffx?nfO{ /fli6«o efiffsf] ?kdf pNn]v ul/Psf] kfOG5 . o;nfO{ cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# df klg lg/Gt/tf lbOPsf] kfOG5 . (The constitution of Nepal (1990) declared Nepali with Devanagari script as the national and the official language of the country and all other languages used in different communities as the 'language of the nation' whatever that means.)

clxn] dfq[efiffdf k|fylds lzIff lbg] Joj:yf ;+ljwfgdf pNn]v eP tfklg cem;Dd k"0f{ ?kdf cjnDjg ul/Psf] kfO“b}g . xfn ;+3Lo /fHo;+/rgfsf] rsf{] ax;;“u} eflifs d'2f klg Aofks ?kdf pl7/x]sf 5g\ . o;n] s]xL eflifs ljsf;sf] lhhLljiff cjZo af]s]sf] kfOG5 tyflk eflifs ljsf;sf nflu efiffnfO{ z}lIfs kf7\oqmddf ;Lldt gu/fO{ To;nfO{ sfdsfhsf] efiff tyf sfo{noLo efiffsf] ?kdf ;d]t :yfg lbOg'kb{5, k|of]udf NofOg' kb{5 . olb To;f] gul/Pdf ;+:s[t efiffs} xfn t gxf]nf < cyf{t ;+:s[t ljZjljBfnodf ;+:s[t efiffd} lzIff lbg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 t/ ;+:s[t efiff sfo{noLo sfdsfhdf k|of]u gx“'bf ;+:s[t efiffnfO{ arfO/fVg g;lsPsf] oyfy{ Ho“"bf] 5 . To:t} xf] eg] cGo dft[efiffx? klg ;+:s[t h:t} nf]kf]Gd'v clg nf]k eP/ hfg] t xf]Og < cfzf u/f}“, cfp“b} u/]sf] g]kfnsf] u0ftflGqs gof“ ;+ljwfgdf ;a} efiffx?sf] Gofof]lrt (Equity) Joj:yf / tL efiffx¿sf] ljsf;sf lglDt ;xL efiffgLlt NofO{ kxnufdL sbd rflnPdf pQm sbd eflifs ljsf;df sf]z]9'¨f ;fljt x'g] ;'lglZrt 5 .

lzIffljb tyf efiffljb 8]le8 lqm:6nn] eg] h:t} s'g} efiff nf]k eP/ hfg'sf] cy{ Tof] efiffefifLx¿sf] cGTo dfq geO{ ltgLx¿sf cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts tyf ;Dk"0f{ ;Eotf g} ;du| x/fpg' xf] . oL ;Dk"0f{ kIfx? nf]k x'“bf tL efiffefifLx?;“u ePsf ljljw ;sf/fTds kIfx¿sf] :jtM cj;fg x'g k'Ub5 / o;n] ;dfhdf s}of}“ gsf/fTds k|efj kfb{5 . dfx'/Lsf] nf]k x“'bf h;/L jftfj/0fLo kfl/l:ylts k4ltdf 7"nf] c;/ kb{5, Tof] eGbf ljs/fn ;fdflhs ;d:of eflifs nf]kn] lgDTofp“b5 lsgeg] lj?jfx?sf cfk;L ;dfudsf] Ps dxTjk"0f{ dfWod dfx'/L] xf] eg] ;fdflhs cGt{lqmofsf] Psdfq dfWod efiff xf] . dfx'/L ljgf gof“ kmnkm"n, lj?jf cflbsf] ;Dej x'Gg, To:t} efiff lagf dfgjLo efjgf, d"NodfGotf, OR5fcfsf+Iff tyf cfjZostfx?sf cfk;df ;6f;f6 tyf kl/k'lt{ x'“b}g . ;a} efiffx?n] ;dfhdf a/fa/, plts} dxŒj / e"ldsf /fVb5g\ . efiffx?n] a9L–36Lsf] dxŒj /fVb}gg\ . To;}n] t eg]sf 5g\ M –

æs'g} klg efiffn] c?sf] efiffsf] jf:tljs :j?k b]vfpg ;Sb}g, o;y{ k|To]s efiffsf] cfºgf] 5'§} ;+;f/÷klxrfg x'G5 .Æ ("No language is an exact map of any other; each is, in a sense, its own world." – Sampat, P. 2001)

To;}u/L æhj PsfTds ;+:s[ltn] ;+;f/el/ h/f uf8\5, cGo xhf/f“} dfgj efiffx? nf]k x'g yfNb5g\ .Æ ("As cultural homogeneity spreads over the Earth, thousands of human languages are headed for extension." ibid)

ctM efiff ljgf dfgj ;Eotfsf] kl/sNkgf ug'{ s]jn cfO;\Nof08df ;k{sf] sNkgf ug{' h:t} xf] . To;}n] eflifs ljsf;sf nflu ;fd|fHojfbL ;f]+raf6 d'Qm eP/ ;Dk"0f{ efiffx?sf] ;d'lrt ljsf;sf nflu ;a} ldn]/ cufl8 a9\g'sf] ljsNk 5}g .

  ;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx? M

1.      Aryal, K. and Baidyanath Joshi. Quoted from Hark Gurung. Language, literacy and equality. (2002). A keynote speech in a talk programme organized by Community Literacy Project.

2.      Bodet, J.T. Quoted from Hark Gurung. . Language, literacy and equality. (2002). A keynote speech in a talk programme organized by Community Literacy Project.

3.      Crystal, D. 2003. 'Dead Language'

4.      McDougal, C. 1979. 'The Kulunge Rai: A study in Kinship and Marriage Exchange'.  Kathmandu, Nepal: Ratna Pustak Bhandar.

5.      National languages policy recommendation commission report (2050 V.S.). Kathmandu: Pragya Bhavan.

6.      Philipson, R. 2007. 'Linguistic Imperialism'. Great Clarendon Street: Oxford University Press.

7.      Rai, V.S. (2005). Endangered language, moribund language and killer language. Yadava et al (Ed.) Contemporary Issues in Nepalese Linguistics. Kathmandu: Linguistic Society of Nepal.

8.      Sampat, P. 2001. 'Last Words'. Washington D.C.: World Watch Institute. (www.worldwatch.org)

9.      Sumnima Paruhang, 2067/068. Kathmandu, Kirat Rai Students' Union (Journal)