ओझेलमा दलित सवाल

त्रिभुवनचन्द्र वाग्ले                    (Gorkhapatra.org.np)

जतिखेर नेपाली नेता, गैरसरकारी सङ्घसंस्थाका प्रतिनिधिहरू, नागरिक समाजका अगुवाहरूलाई फुर्सद थियो। कुरा काटेर दिन बिताउनु थियो- त्यतिखेर सबैले दलितका मुद्दालाई सबैको मुद्दा, राष्ट्रकै मुद्दा भने मानौं सबै नेपाली दलित हुन्। मुलुकमा जतिजतिखेर राज्य/प्रदेशका लागि हानाथाप भयो, कसैका हातमा केही आइ पो हाल्छ कि जस्तो भयो, सबैले दलितलाई बिर्सिए। हिजो काँधमा बन्दुक बोकाएर राज्यका सपना बाँड्नेहरूले, हिजो दलित युवालाई विभिन्न आश्वासन दिने सबैले दलितलाई बिर्से, मानौं अहिले दलितका सवालमा कुनै मुद्दा नै बाँकी छैनन्। सबै पूरा भए। यसो किन भयो भने, हरेक दलमा दलितसँग पार्टी फुटाउने सङ्ख्या पुग्दैन। सडक जाम र नेपाल बन्द गराउने युवा सङ्ख्या पनि छैनन् दलितसँग। मिडियामाथि आक्रमण गर्ने जुझारु पनि छैनन् दलित आन्दोलनमा। आदिवासीलाई जस्तो कुनै नेताले लौ जानुहोस् बन्द हड्तालको बितन्डा मच्चाउनु होस् भन्ने आशीर्वाद पनि दलितलाई कसैले दिएनन्। दिँदैनन्, कारण दलितको भोटले निर्वाचनमा निणर्ायक महìव राख्न सक्दैन। यिनै कारण जतिखेर मुलुकमा संविधान बन्ने र कसले के के लिने लखनउ लुटको रिहर्सल हुदै थियो दलित आन्दोलन नामक सडक नाटक पात्र र दर्शक विहीन बनेकोे थियो। दुईचार जना दलित नेताहरूले आफूलाई प्रभावशाली र शक्तिशाली नेता भन्ााउन चाहने नेतालाई भेटेर तपाइर्ंलाई राष्ट्रपतिको निर्वाचनमा दलितको भोट चाहिँदैन कि क्या हो ? भनेर सोध्ने हिम्मत गरेको भए अवश्य पनि दलितका लागि राज्य/प्रदेशको घोषणा हुन सक्दथ्यो र दलितले राज्य पाउन नसक्ने अवस्था आएकाले संविधानसभा विघटन गर्नुपर्‍यो भनेर दलित आन्दोलनको उचाइलाई संविधानसभाको विघटनसम्म तन्काइन्थ्यो। त्यो हुन सकेन र दलित सवाल ओझेलमा पर्‍यो। एउटा पासा फालिएको थियो दलितलाई गैरभौगोलिक सङ्घीयताको तर बराजुहरूले झण्डै ७०० वटादेखि पाँचवटासम्म्ा प्रदेश बनाउने प्रस्ताव गर्दा दलितका लागि प्रदेशको कतै नामोनिसान नै भेटिएन। दलितलाई आरक्षण दिनुपर्दछ भन्नेहरूलाई यथास्थितिवादी र अप्रगतिशील भन्नेहरूले दलित आन्दोलनका क्रममा प्रगतिशील आरक्षण, क्षतिपूर्तिसहितको आरक्षण, विशेषाधिकार र प्रदेशसम्मको माग गरेका थिए। तर जसै संविधान जारी हुन्छ कि भन्नेबेलामा यस्ता माग गर्नेहरू कता हराए पत्तै भएन। यसकारण दलित सवाल वर्तमानमा ओझेलमा परेका छन्।

यो सोझो आँखाको हेराइबाट देखिने दृश्य हो। दलित सुमदायको सहिष्णुताको विशिष्ट मूल्याङ्कन हुनसकेको छैन। वर्तमानमा देखिएको उनीहरूको शान्त प्रस्ुतुति न उनीहरूको हार हो न आत्मसमर्पण। जतिखेर मुलुकलाई चाहे जुनसुकै नाममा खण्डीकरण गर्नेका लागि तीव्र दबाब परेको थियो। जतिखेर देशभन्दा प्रदेशतिर आँखा लागेको थियो, त्यतिखेर दलित समुदायबाट संयम अपनाइयो र भनियो-जातीयताले देश टुक्रन्छ। दलितले वर्गीयभन्दा राष्ट्रिय हितालाई महìव दिए। जातीयता होइन आत्मीयता सिकाए। यसकारण दलित सवाल ओझलमा पर्‍यो। डलर र युरो चढेर आएको धर्म निरपेक्षताको खासै वकालत नगर्ने र क्रिश्चियनीटी प्रचार गर्ने चर्चहरूमा दलितको उपस्थिति कम भएकाले नेपाल र नेपालीको धर्म परिवर्तन गराउन सक्रियहरूको प्राथमिकतामा दलितका सवाल पर्ने कुरै भएन। यसकारण दलित नेताहरूलाई "राष्ट्रिय र अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय" क्षेत्रबाट नयाँ पार्टी बनाऊ भनेर दबाब आउने कुरै भएन। त्यसैले दलित सवाल ओझेलमा परेको छ। दातृनिकायले एकपटक आदिवासी जनजाति महासङ्घको आयोजनामा हुने बन्द रोक्न भन्दै अन्यथा यस्तो सहयोग दिन नसकिने धम्की दिएको थियो तर त्यही आदिवासी जनजाति महासङ्घले संविधान जारी हुने भनिएताका मुलुकभर बन्द र हड्ताल गर्दा त्यो बन्दहड्ताल रोक्ने प्रयास गरेन भन्नेहरू पनि प्रशस्तै छन्। कतिपयले आरोपै लगाए बन्द हड्तालमा समेत दातृनिकायहरूले लगानी गरे। सरकार वा राज्यको अनुमति नै नलिइ युरोपियनहरूले एकल जातीय प्रदेशका मागकर्तालाई भेटेनन् मात्र यस्तो मागमा समर्थन र सहानूभूति देखाए। दलित आन्दोलनलाई यस्तोखाले सहयोग र समर्थन हुन सकेको छैन त्यसैले यो आन्दोलनका सवाल हाल ओझेलमा परेका छन्। राज्य र प्रदेश माग्न नसक्ने दलितहरूको झिँगे दाउमा डलरको च्याखे थापिने कुरै भएन।

दलितहरू एकल जातीयताले सामाजिक सद्भाव बिग्रन्छ, एकल जातीयताले मुलुक टुक्रन सक्छ भनेर डराए। डराउने उनीहरूका सवालले कतिपयका अभीष्ट र आवश्यकता पूरा हुने भएनन्। यस्तो दलित आन्दोलनलाई भौतिक र नैतिक सहयोग गर्नु कतिपयका लागि बालुवामा पानी हाल्नुसरह हुने होला। त्यसैले दलित सवाल ओझेलमा नपरे के हुन्छ त ? दलित नेताहरूले मन्त्री पदको कुर्ची आडलागेर आवश्यकता परे नेपाललाई सिक्किम बनाइ दिन्छौं भनेनन्। न त भने काठमाडौसँग मधेशको सम्बन्ध टुट्छ। यस्तो नभन्न्ो दलितका नेतालाई कुनै महावाणिज्यदूतले भोजको आयोजना गरेर आन्दोलन गर्नुहोस्, आवश्यकता परे खेताला कार्यकता पठाइदिउँला भन्ने कुरै भएन। यस्ता बैगुनी दलितलाई नुन ख्वाएर के काम। नुन खाएपछि त गुन पाउन पर्‍यो नि Û दलितले आन्दोलन नगरेकोमा त्यस्ता कूटनीतिक नियोगका कर्मचारीको चित्त दुख्ने गरेको पनि छैन। यसो भनाउने गरी कसैसँग दलित नेताले दोस्तीसोस्ती वा शुभलामको सम्बन्ध राख्न सकेनन्। त्यस्तासँग दलितको न बात मिलेन। बात नमिल्नेलाई साथ मिल्ने कुरै भएन। त्यसैले दलित सवाल ओझेलमा परेका छन्। बन्दुकले राज्य र सत्ता पाइन्छ भन्ने प्रमाणित भइसकेको नेपाली राजनीतिमा दलितहरूले बन्दुक बनाए तर तर त्यो कहिल्यै "खेलाउन" सकेनन्। दलितले बनाएका बन्दुकको कुन्दा टेकेर धेरैले राजकीय शक्तिको स्वाद प्राप्त गरे। कोही त्यसो गर्ने अभ्यासमा छन्। अरूका लागि मात्र बन्दुक बनाउने विचरा दलितका सवाल ओझेलमा नपरे के हुन्छ त ? जहाँ बन्दुकसँग सत्ता साटिएको छ।

Facts

…/fO{Ú hfltljz]if xf]Ogg\ eGg] s'/fdf ljleGg n]vs, cg';Gwfgstf{x?jf6 cfPsf tYox? M

·       …/fO{ ;+1f w]/}kl5 cyf{t\ lj=;+=!*#! sf] cf;kf;df k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] ls/ft k|b]znfO{ cfw'lgs g]kfndf ;lDdlnt u/fPkl5 Jofks ?kdf k|of]u x'g yfn]sf] b]lvG5 . To;tfsf pgn] …lhdLbf/Ú / …tfn'sbf/Ú lgo'Qm u/L …/fO{Ú / To;/L g} ufpFsf] k|d'v lnDa"x?nfO{ …;'AafÚ dfg kbjLn] lje"lift ul/lbPsf lyP . sfnfGt/df oL dfg kbjLsf] k|of]un] ubf{ ;Dk"0f{ hftLo ;d'bfonfO{ g} c+ufNg k'u]sf] x'Fbf lhdLbf/x? …/fO{Ú, lnDa"x? …;'AafÚ / ofVvfx? …b]jfgÚ elgP .Ú -gu]Gb| zdf{, g]kfnL hghLjg, bflh{lnË, ef/tM crnf eujtL k|sfzg, hgj/L !(&^, k[i7–!)) / !)!_

·       …k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] ls/ft If]qnfO{ sl/a !*#! lj=;= cyjf nueu !&&$ O{:jL ;Dddf a[xt\ g]kfnLdf ld;fPkl5 dfq /fO{ zAbsf] Jofks k|of]u x'g yfn]sf] xf] . /fO{ zAbsf] k|of]u d'Vo sf/0fdf k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] To; If]qsf k|d'vx?nfO{ :yfgLo k|zf;s lgo'Qm u/]sf / ltgdWo] vDa"x?nfO{ /fO{ kbjL lbOg' g} xf] .Ú -/fh]z uf}td, s]=yfkf du/, 6«Oan OYgf]u|fkmL ckm g]kfn, k[i7 !%% / !%^_

·       …ls/ft hfltsf j+zh / Ps k|d'v xfFuf dflgPsf /fO{x?, ;'?df s'g} hflt ljz]if lyPgg\ eGg] c8\sn ug{ ;lhnf] 5, lsgeg] /fO{ zAb /fhfsf] kof{oafrL xf] / cl3 o;nfO{ pkflwsf ?kdf dfq k|of]u ul/GYof] .Ú -gu]Gb| zdf{, g]kfnL hghLjg, bflh{lnË, ef/tM crnf eujtL k|sfzg, hgj/L !(&^, k[i7–!))_

·       …/fO{Ú zAb lhdLbf/x?nfO{ lbOPsf] kbjLsf] gfd xf] .Ú -/fh]z uf}td, s]=yfkf du/, 6«Oun OYgf]u|fkmL ckm g]kfn, k[i7 !%%_

·       …/fO{, ;'Aaf, d'lvof / b]jfg kb kfPsf JolQmx?nfO{ ltgLx?sf] lsk6 e"ldsf] ;Ldf lgwf{l/t ul/Pkl5 e"ld;'wf/ / /fh:j ;+sng ug]{ lhDd]jf/L lbOPsf] lyof] . ltgLx? :yfgLo jf If]qLo k|d'vx? ;d]t lyP . lsk6 eGgfn] dflg;sf] c?nfO{ laqmL ug{ g;lsg] hldg xf] . o; cy{df hldgsf] ;'wf/af6 kmfObf / ;x'lnot k|fKt x'GYof] . o;df lsk6x? k}t[s clwsf/ eP, k}t[s ?kd} /x]sf] kbjL Pp6f a]Un} ;d'bfo a'emfpgdf k|of]u x'g yfNof] .Ú -/fh]z uf}td, s]=yfkf du/, 6«Oan OYgf]u|fkmL ckm g]kfn, k[i7 !%^_

·       …/fO{Ú zAb /fhfaf6 pTkGg ePsf] xf] . o; kbjL vDa"jfgdf uf]vf{ cflwkTokl5 k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxaf6 vDa" k|d'vx?nfO{ lbOPsf] lyof] elgG5 t/ To;eGbf cl3 klg k"j{ g]kfnsf] ;]g zf;sx?n] ltgLx?nfO{ To; k|sf/sf] ;+af]wg u/]sf] kfOG5 . oBkL …/foÚ elgg] pkflwnfO{ uf]vf{nLx?n] …/fO{Údf kl/jt{g u/]sf lyP .Ú -s'df/ k|wfg, b uf]vf{ sGSj]i6\;\, k[i7–%@_

·       …ha klxn] vDa"x? / To;kl5 lnDa"x? uf]vf{nLx?af6 k/flht eP, uf]vf{sf /fhfn] ;+ejtM pgsf k/flht b'Zdgx?nfO{ ;fGTjgf lbg] p2]Zon] pgLx?dWo]sf Hofb} k|efjzfnL JolQmx?nfO{ cf1fkq lbP/ s]xL lhNnfx?df zf;g ug]{ clwsf/ k|bfg u/] . oL cf1fkqåf/f vDa"x?nfO{ …/fO{Ú kbjL / lnDa"x?nfO{ ;'Aaf kbjL lbOPsf] lyof], h;sf] cy{ Jofjxfl/s ?kdf p:t} lyof] .Ú -Pl8g\ e]lG;6f{6, uf]vf{h, k[i7–(&_

·       …ltgLx?sf] k'Vof}{nL hldgsf] clwsf/nfO{ k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] k"0f{?kdf dfGotf lbP . pgn] :yfoLo ls/ftL k|d'vx? lgo'Qm u/], h;nfO{ /fhsLo cf1fkq -nfndf]x/_ lbP/ cfb/k"0f{ …/fO{Ú cyjf k|d'v kbjL lbP tfls ltgLx? / /fHosf] aLrdf dWo:ytf sfo{ xf];\– k|s/0f lta| ?kdf lj:tf/ x'Fb} uPsf] uf]vf{ /fHo;+u ev{/ lhltPsf] If]qnfO{ k|ToIf zf;g ug]{ k|zf;gLs oGq lyPg .Ú -rfN;\ dSbf}un, b s'n'ª /fO{, k[i7–*_

·       …dfem ls/ftdf klxn]sf k|d'vx? x6fOP / ltgLx?sf] 7fpFdf /fO{sf ?kdf c? ls/ftx?nfO{ lgo'Qm ul/P .Ú -/fh]z uf}td, s]=yfkf du/, 6«fOan OYgf]u|fkmL ckm g]kfn, k[i7 !%%_

·       …jf:tjdf ljrf/ ug]{ xf] eg] cfhsf] cy{df /fO{ zAbsf] k|of]u k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] ls/ft k|b]znfO{ cfw'lgs g]kfndf ;lDdlnt u/fPkl5 cyf{t\ laqmd ;+jt\ !*#! sf] cf;kf;b]lv g} Jofks?kdf k|of]u x'g yfn]sf] b]lvG5 . sf/0f To; ;dodf pgn] ufpFsf hfGg];'Gg] JolQmnfO{ :yfgLo k|zf;ssf ?kdf lhdLbf/ / tfn'sbf/ lgo'Qm u/L …/fO{Ú To;/L g} ufpFs} k|d'v JolQm lnDa"x?nfO{ …;'AafÚ tyf ltgsf pk;d"xnfO{ ljleGg dfg kbjLn] lje"lift u/fPsf lyP .Ú -hgsnfn zdf{, xfd|f] ;dfh -Ps cWoog, sf7df8f}+ ;femf k|sfzg @)#( ;fn, k[i7–@*^_

·       …/fo zAb /fhf zAbsf] cke|+z xf] . ======= /fO{ zAb eg] /fo zAbs} cke|+z b]lvg cfpF5 .Ú -lzjs'df/ >]i7, lnDa'jfgsf] P]ltxfl;s cWoog, wgs'6f, >LdtL u+ufb]jL >]i7, @)$@, k[i7–(!_

·       /fO{ eGg] vf; u/L s'g} hfltsf] gfd eg] xf]Og . of] t ufp+sf 7fn" jf d'lvof hgfpg] zAb dfq xf] . dfem ls/ftdf w]/}h;f] /fO{x? cfkm"nfO{ lhdL jf lhdLgbf/ eGg] ub{5g\ , tfklg /fO{ zAb a9L k|rngdf cfpb} 5 . ;'?df afx'gnfO{ kl08t, g]jf/nfO{ ;fx'hL, /f0ff / 7s'/LnfO{ afa';fx]a, c? 5]qLnfO{ sfhL, lnDa" / ysfnLnfO{ ;'Aaf, tfdfª / lxdfnLnfO{ nfdf, dw];sf yf?nfO{ rf}w/L, bdfO{nfO{ gurL{, ;fsL{nfO{ ldhf/, sfdLnfO{ ;'gf/ cflb zAbn] ;Ddfgk"j{s ;Daf]wg u/]h:t} dfq lyof] . -8f]/jxfb'/ lji6 M ;j} hftsf] km"njf/L, k]h %_

·       /fO{ kbjL ePsf] cfwf/ ;L=Pd= vDj" -gfDrL, blIf0f l;lSsd_ åf/f k|sflzt ……/fO{ sf] x'g\ ?Ú eGg] k|sfzgn] klg k|i6 kf/]sf] 5 .  …/fO{Ú zAbsf] Jofks k|of]u nueu ;ft bzs cl3b]lv dfq ePsf] Oltxf;n] jtfp+b5 . ;dosf] cGt/fndf ha ha g]kfnL hfltjLr df}lns eflifs / ;f+:s[lts d"No dfGotfx?sf] nx/ rNof] ;f] bf}8df efu lngnfO{ of] …/fO{Ú zAb jf ;+1f clxn] Pp6f ljjfbsf] s73/fdf pleg uPsf] 5 . -;L=Pd= vDj"_

·       k|frLg sfndf dfnkf]t jf lt/f]ef/f] p7fpg] Ps kbflwsf/L . tYo cg';f/ ls/ftL vDj"x?n] g]kfn PsLs/0f cleofg cGtu{t cfkm\gf] ;fj{ef}d ;Qfl;t ;f6]sf] pkflw / …ku/LÚ hf] /fO{sf] df}lns Jo'TkGg zAb / hft j'lemb}g -;L=Pd= vDj"_

·       k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] g]kfn PsLs/0f cleofgdf s'6gLltåf/f lnDj"x?sf] /fHo lnDa"jfg ;Djt\ !(!$ df ;'jfª\uL -;'Aaf_ kb / nfndf]x/ ydfO{ lbPkl5  ;'Aaf eP . To;} u/L ;Dat\ !*#@ lt/ g} vDa"x?sf] /fHo vDa"jfgdfly nuftf/ cfqmd0f u/L cfkm\gf sAhfdf cfPkl5 vDa"nfO{ …/fO{Ú kb\jL / k|lti7f ;"rs …ku/LÚ ;lxt nfndf]x/ lbP/ …/fO{Ú agfof] . qmd}n] ;'g'jf/ hflt …d'lvofÚ  eP eg] ofSvfx? …b]jfgÚ  eP cf} t/fO{sf yf?x? …rf}w/LÚ ePsf x'g\ . tbk/fGt g]kfn /fli6«o PsLs/0fsf] cleofgdf k"jL{ g]kfnsf] ljleGg ls/ftj+zLo clw/fHox?nfO{ tLg k|fb]lzs If]qdf ljefhg u/L jNnf] ls/ft, kNnf] ls/ft / dfem ls/ft egL gfdfs/0f ul/of] . tL tLg k|fb]lzs e"efu cGtu{t jNnf] ls/ftdf d'lvof -;'g'jf/_, kNnf] ls/ftdf ;'Aaf -lnDj"_, b]jfg -ofSvf_, /fO{ -g]jfxfª_, tyf dfem ls/ftdf /fO{ -vDa"_ ;d"xsf] lsk6Lo k|fb]lzs If]q kb{Yof] .

lsk6Lo zf;gsfnqmddf lsk6sf k|d'v zf;snfO{ dfq …/fO{Ú elgGYof] . h;n] ;/sf/L dfnkf]t jf lt/f]–ef/f] p7fpg'sf ;fy} ljleGg /}tL dfly zf;g ub{y] . /}tLnfO{ …lhdLÚ jf k'?ifnfO{ …lhDbf/Ú, :qLnfO{ …lhDbf/gLÚ elgGyof] . /fO{sf /}tLx?dWo] rflDnª, jfGtfjf, s'n'ª, lkndf]ª, ;f]tfª, g]jfxfª, ofDkm" , ;fDkfª, y'n'ª, vflnª, rf}/f:of, nf]xf]?ª, cflb -xfn /fO{ eg]/ n]Vg]x?_ lyP . To; k|yf cg';f/ /fO{nfO{ pk/fhf ;/xsf] clwsf/ k|fKt lyof] eg] pgsf] d[To'kl5 /fO{sf] 5f]/f h]7fn] dfq …/fO{Ú  x'g kfp+bYof] / cGo 5f]/fx? rflx+ /}tL jf lhdL g} x'Gy] . kl5 lsk6Lo zf;g k|0ffnL lj36g ePkl5 /}tL jf lhdLnfO{ klg /fO{ eGg yflnof] .

…/fO{Ú zAbsf] pTklt …/foÚ sf] cke|+lzt zAb x'g'k5{, h;sf] zflAbs cy{ x'g hfG5 …GofoÚ jf jsfnt . Gofokfns jf ;xL jsfnt ug{ ;Sg] cf]h:jL JolQmnfO{ g} k|lti7f ;"rs tTsfnLg zf;sx?n] …/fO{Ú sf] pkflw lbg] ul/Psf] a'lemG5 . k|;+uj;\ tTsfnLg l;lSsd nufot ef/tdf klg pQm ;Ddfghgs …/fO{Ú, …;'AafÚ / …b]jfgÚ kb s'g} cf]h:jL JolQmnfO{ k|lti7f ;"rs pkflw k|bfg ul/GYof] . pbfx/0fsf nflu k"j{ l;lSsd kfr]–vfgLsf :juL{o 6S;f/L rGb|aL/ k|wfgsf 5f]/f eLdaxfb'/ k|wfgnfO{ l;lSsd jg ljefusf] clwsf/L x'+bf bIfzLn sfo{ / kof{j/0f ;DjGwL 7"nf] of]ubfg lbP jfkt ;g\ !($# df tTsfnLg ;/sf/n] …/fO{Ú ;fx]asf] kb\jL lbPsf lyP . To:t} jd]{ssf sfhLnfO{ k|zf;g sf}zntfsf nflu …b]jfgÚ kbn] /fl6«o ;Ddfg lje"lift ul/Psf lyP .

…/fO{Ú pkflw cfh ef]ln g]kfndf bg'jf/ hfltx?n] klg cfkm\gf] gfdsf] k5fl8 n]Vg] u/]sf] kfOG5 eg] ef/tdf a+ufnsf] sltko a+ufnL, pQ/f+rnsf] u8jfnL / k+hfasf] sltko k+hfaLx?n] klg …/fO{Ú n]Vg] u/]sf] kfOG5 . -;L=Pd= vDj" , gfDrL, blIf0f l;lSsd, @))%M ……/fO{ sf] x'g\ ?Ú, k]h !) / !!_

·       lsk6 rnfpg] d'Vo zf;ssf] kbnfO{ /fO{ elgGYof] . k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] x:tfIf/Lt nfndf]x/åf/f /fO{ kb k|fKt ePsf] lyof]] / /fO{nfO{ pk/fhf ;/xsf] clwsf/ k|fKt lyof] . /fO{sf] d[To' ePkl5 /fO{sf] 5f]/f h]7f /fO{ x'g kfpbYof] eg] c? 5f]/fx? rflx /}tL x'GYof] / pgLx?nfO{ lhdL elgGYof] . @)!^ ;fn;Dd n]lvPsf] k'/fgf] sfuh kqdf zf;snfO{ /fO{ / /}tLnfO{ lhdL n]lvPsf] kfOG5 . /fO{ kb k|fKt JolQmnfO{ /fO{dfq elgb}gYof], lhDdfjfn, tfn's, ku/L klg eGg] ul/GYof] .

/fO{n] lsk6df zf;g ubf{ cfly{s sf/f]jf/ ldnfpg] JolQm /fVby], h;nfO{ sf/jf/L elgGYof] . n]vfk9Lsf] sfd ug]{ ;lrjnfO{ åf/] eGg] ul/GYof] . /fO{n] /}tLx?jf6 lt/f] p7fP/ s]Gb| ;/sf/4f/f tf]lsPsf] s'g} lglZrt :yfg cyf{t dfn sfof{nodf j'emfpg / Hofg ;DjGwL d'4f hfx]/ ug{{ kb{Yof] . cGo s'/fsf] nflu ;Dk"0f{ lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/ /fO{nfO{ k|fKt lyof] . /}ltx? 3/nf}/L p7]/ /fO{sf] v]tLkftL nufO{ lbg / p7fO{ lbg ;3fpg' hfg' kb{Yof] . /}tLn] cfkmgf] hUufsf] lt/f] j'emfp+bf lt/f] j'emfpg hfg / cfpg /fO{nfO{ jf6f] vr{ lbg' kb{Yof] . -e"kWjh yf]d/; s'n'ª ;+lIfKt kl/ro, @)%) k]h &_ tyf -e"kWjh yf]d/f];\ s'n'ª ;f+:s[lts cWoog @)%& k]h #*_

·       bz}+sf] gjdLsf] lbg /}tLx? 3/nf}/L p7]/ lhDdfjfn -/fO{_ sf] 3/df e]nf eO{ dfn>L kf7 u/L /f+‘uf, jf]sf / efn] dWo] s'g} Ps sf6L b'uf{ ejfgLnfO{ jnL r9fpg] rng lyof] . jnL r9fPsf] /utjf6 k}tfnf / xts]nfsf] 5fk b}nf]sf] lz/fgdf nufpg' kg]{ tyf df/ xfGbf e?jf jGb"s k8\sfpg] rng klg lyof] . bzdLsf] lbg /fO{sf] xftsf] 6Lsf yfKg cfp+bf /}tLx?n] cfkm\gf] hftcg';f/sf] sf];]nL lnP/ cfpg' kg]{ rng lyof] h:t} M If]qL jfx'gn] bxL /f]6L, z]kf{n] cfn'sf] k]?Ëf], u'?Ë, du/, tfdfª, lhdL -lhdbf/_ cflbn] hf‘+8 /S;L /fO{nfO{ r9fpg' kg]{ x'GYof] . klxn] bz}+df df/ xfGg] rng /fO{sf] 3/df dfq lyof], /}tLsf] 3/df lyPg . /}tLn] cfkm\gf] 3/df l6sf nufpg' gnufpg' rflx+ :j]R5fdf e/ kb{Yof] . -e"kWjh yf]d/f];\ s'n'ª ;f+:s[lts cWoog @)%& k]h *%_ .

·       /fO{ k|yf pGd"ng x'g' eGbf klxn] Bf}l;/], e}nf] v]Nbf /fO{sf] 3/jf6 z'? ul/GYof] . s'n'ª ;dfhdf ltxf/df efO6Lsf nufpg] rng klxn] lyPg . j"9f kfsfx? clxn] klg efO{6Lsf nufpb}gg\ -e"kWjh yf]d/f];\ s'n'ª ;f+:s[lts cWoog @)%& k]h *^_

·       Gofo M s;}sf] wgdfn xfgL gf]S;fgL ug]{, z/L/df wSsf k'¥ofpg] / ufnL j]OHhtL ul/Psf] cj:yfdf /fO{ ;dIf hfx]/L ug{ kfOg] Joj:yf lyof] . s'g} klg sf/0fjf6 b'O{ Jolqmx? jLr kg]{ em}emu8fdf Gofo cGofo 5'6\ofpg /fO{sf] cWoIftfdf srx/L j:bYof] . /fO{ pkl:yt gePsf] srx/L j}wflgs dflgb}gYof] . -e"kwjh yf]d/f];\ s'n'ª ;f+:s[lts cWoog @)%& k]h (*_

·       lsk6leq /x]sf k|fs[lts ;|f]tx? /fO{sf] :jLs[lt lnO{ /}tLn] pkef]u ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf lyof] -e"kWjh yf]d/f];\ s'n'ª ;f+:s[lts cWoog @)%& k]h !)!_

·       …/fO{Ú eg]sf] hft xf]Og, …kbÚ xf] . /fO{sf] efiff / ;+:s[lt st} e]l6b}g . s;}n] /fO{sf] efiff jf ;+:s[lt eg]/ s]xL lqmofsnfk b]vfp+5 eg] To;leq jfGtfjf, rflDnª, ;fDkfª, s'n'ª, vflnª, y'n'ª, cflbdWo] s;}sf] efiff, /Llt–l/jfh n's]sf] x'G5 . -lvndfg jflw/Ln] lbPsf] cGtjf{tf, ;'St'd\, jif{ &, c+s @, r}q @)%&, kfgf !%_

·       …/fO{Ú kbjL ePsf] s'/f ljleGg zJbsf]ifx?df klg kfOG5 . g]kfnL a[xt\ zJbsf]zsf cg';f/ æ/fO{Æ zJbn] k|frLg g]kfnL efiffdf /fhfnfO{ -ljz]iftM s0ff{nL k|b]zsf_ j'emfp+b5 . dof{bfsf nflu lbOPsf] Ps ku/L . k|frLg sfndf dfnkf]t jf lt/f]e/f] p7fpg] Ps kbflwsf/L elgPsf] 5 . 

·       8f= l8NnL/fd bfxfnsf] @)^@ ;fn ;fpg @% df /fhwfgL b}lgssf] k]h $ df k|sflzt n]v cg';f/ g]kfnsf ls/fltx?df /fO{sf] Oltxf; @%) jif{ eGbf sd /x]sf] / of] ;]g /fhfx?n] k"j{ ljho u/]kl5 ls/f+t k|b]zsf s]xL d'Vv]nL k|d'vx?nfO{ /fo kbjL lbPsf lyP / Tof] /fo kbjL g} kl5 uP/ /fO{ jGof] . t/ /fO{ leq ljleGg hfthfltx? s'n'ª, jGtfjf, rfdlnª, nf]xf]?ª, vflnª cflb kb{5g\ . hf] eflifs ;f+:s[lts lx;fjn] Ps csf{df Psbd} km/s 5g\ . kbjL hf]8]/ dfq /fO{ Pp6f ;d"x jg]sf] b]lvG5 cflb pNn]v 5 .

ls/ft e"dLsf ls/ftLx?n] dfq ge} cGo hft÷hfltsf JolQmx?n] klg …/fO{Ú kb rnfPsf] b]lvG5 . ;f]n'v'Dj' lhNnfsf] ;f]Qf] -;f]tfª_ sf lzjjxfb'/ / bLkjxfb'/ j:g]tx?n] klg …/fO{Ú ku/L kfPsf lyP .

cf]vn9'+uf /ftdf6]sf 6]sdfWjh sfsL{, t]hk|;fb sf]O/fnf klg /fO{ lyP . 8f]Nkfdf /f]sfof If]qLx?, hfh/sf]6df j:g]t If]qL /fO{ lyP . e"6fgdf uh{jxfb'/ u'?ª /fO{ lyP .

ls/ft /fO{ ofof]Vvfjf6 @)^@ j}zfvdf k|sflzt lgK;'ª c+s @@, jif{ !@, sf] -k]h %^_ ……/fO{ / ;'Aaf pkgfd ;DjGwdfÚÚ /fdrGb| /fO{n] -ofof]Svf lgK;'ª ;fs]nf ljz]iff+s, jif{ $ c+s @ jf6 ;fef/ u/L k|sfzgdf Nofpg' ePsf] n]vdf k[YjL gf/fo0f zfxsf !^ lk+l8 cl3sf k"vf{x? klg /fO{ ePsf] pNn]v 5 . olb /fO{ hflt xf] / of] ls/ftL d"nsf] x'GYof] eg], s] k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf k"vf{ ls/ft lyP t .

o;/L g} g]kfnsf t/fO{df j;f]jf; ug]{ ofbfj cflb hfltx? -/fox?_, gjnk/f;L, kfNkfdf du/, dsjfgk'/ tyf g'jfsf]6df bg'jf/, lnDj', ofVvf, ;'g'jf/, lh/]n, xfo', b/fO{, cflb hfltx?df klg /fO{ hf]l8Psf] kfOG5 . @)^$ ;fndf jf+s] If]q g+ @, dhkmf]jf6 ;+ljwfg;ef ;b:o -;efifb_ df r'lgPsf Pshgf ;b:o df]xDdb Ol:tofs /fO{ x'g'x'G5 . …/fO{Ú df hflto ljlzi6tf gePs} sf/0f cGo hfltx? jfx'g, If]qL, du/, bg'jf/, lnDj', ofVvf, xfo', b/fO{, lh/]n cflbdf /fO{ hf]l8Psf x'g\ . s'g} klg hfltdf csf]{ hfltsf] klxrfg ;lhn} hf]l8g ;Sb}g . h:t} u'?ªn] du/, lnDj"n] rflDnª, nfKrfn] tfdfª cflb h:tf cs}{ hfltsf] gfd em'08fPsf] kfOb}g .

hflto klxrfgsf ;DjGwdf ljleGg ljåfgx?n] lgDgfg';f/ kl/efiff u/]sf] kfOG5 M

·       æhflt eg]sf] Pp6f ;femf efiff, Onfsf, cly{s hLjg / ;+:s[ltdf JolQmg] dg]fj}1flgs :jf?ksf] cfwf/df lgld{t Ps P]ltxfl;s ?kn] :yflkt l:y/ hg ;d'bfo xf] .Æ -hf];]km :6flng_

·       æhfltutsf] cfwf/ eg]sf] dft[efiff xf] / of] x'g' kb{5, of] g} hflto :j–klxrfg xf] .Æ -8f= xs{ u'?ª_

·       æhfltsf] klxrfgsf] klxnf] cfwf/ eg]s} ltgLx?n] af]Ng] efiff xf] . efiff ;+:s[ltsf] ;+afxs x'gfn] efiff afFr] hflt afRb5 .Æ -efiffzf:qL cd[t of]~hg_

·       æcflbjf;Lx¿df lkt[e"ld, P}ltxfl;s lg/Gt/tf, dft[efiff nufotsf 5'§} ;f+:s[lts klxrfg / zflift eP/ /xg' k/]sf] h:tf ljz]iftfx¿dWo] s]xL jf ;a} x'g]5g\ .Æ -xf]h] cf/= dfl6{g]h sf]j]_

·       æefiff / ;+:s[lt hftLo lrgf/L xf] . xf8=, df;' / /utjf6 dflg;sf] hft 5'6fpg ;lsb}g . efiff / ;+:s[lt eg]sf] hflt 5'6\ofpg] nId0f /]vf xf] . efiff / ;+:s[lt ;lsof] eg] hftLo cl:tTj ;dfKt x'G5 .Æ 1fgjxfb'/ jflb/L, cWoIf, s'n'ª ;+3, bfhL{nª M 5]nfDt'd\ @)^) df3, jif{ @, c+s #, kfgf !%_ .

cflbjf;L hghflt pTyfg /fli6«o k|lti7fg P]g @)%* sf] kl/R5b ! wf/f @ -s_ cg';f/ clbjf;L hghfltsf] kl/efiff lgDgfg';f/ u/]sf] 5 M

s_ cfk\mgf] dft[ efiff ePsf],

v_ k/Dk/fut /Lltl/jfh ePsf],

u_ 5'§} ;+:s[lts klxrfg ePsf],

3_ 5'§} ;fdflhs ;+/rgf / lnlvt jf clnlvt Oltxf; ePsf] .

g]kfn cflbjf;L hghflt dxf;+3sf] ljwfg cg';f/ lgDgfg';f/ kl/efiff u/]sf] 5 M

s_ cfk\mgf] 5'§} ;+:s[lts klxrfg ePsf],

v_ k/Dk/fut efiff, wd{, /Lltl/jfh / ;+s[lt ePsf],

u_ k/Dk/fut ;fdflhs ;+/rgf ;dgtfdf cfwfl/t ePsf],

3_ cfk\mgf] k/Dk/fut ef}uf]lns If]q ePsf],

ª_ lnlvt jf clnlvt Oltxf; ePsf],

r_ ;d'bfo leq xfdL efjgf ePsf],

5_ ;d'bfosf] cfw'lgs g]kfnsf] /fhgLlt / /fHo ;+/rgfdf lg0f{os e"ldsf gePsf],

h_ h;n] cfk"mnfO{ cflbjf;L hghflt eG5g\ .

cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7g dxf;lGw g+= !^( sf] cg';f/ M

s_ 5'§} efiff ;+:s[lt l/ltl/jfh ePsf] ;d'bfo

v_ ljz]if sfg"g jf lgodåf/f lgolGqt ;d'bfo

u_ ef}uf]lns ljho jf cf}klgj]zLs/0f jf jt{dfg /fHo ;Ldfsf] :yfkgf sfneGbf klxn]b]lv g} a;f]af; u/]sf ;d'bfo 

ljZj a}+s sfof{Tds gLltx¿sf] d:of}bf cf]=kL] $=!) df pNn]v ePcg';f/ M

s_ cflbjf;L cNk;+Vos hghfltx¿

v_ /}yfg]x¿ kxf8L hghfltx¿

u_ ;'lrs[t hflt jf slanf ;d"xx¿

3_ :ki6, ;+s6u|:t ;fdflhs ;f+:s[lts ;d"xx¿

ª_ ljlzi6 cflbjf;L ;f+:s[lts ;d"xsf ;b:ox¿sf] :jMklxrfg / c¿n] klg To;nfO{ :jLsf/ u/]sf]

r_ lglZrt ef}uf]lns If]qdf a;f]af; jf k'Vof}{nL ynf] ePsf / tL If]q jf ynf]sf k|fs[lts ;|f]tx¿df ;fd'lxs nufj ePsf -ank"j{s o:tf] nufjaf6 ljd'vx¿nfO{ klg cflbjf;L dfGg ;lsG5_

5_ k|e'TjzfnL ;d"xsf] ;dfh / ;+:s[lt eGbf 5'§} k/Dk/fut ;+:s[lt, cfly{s, ;fdflhs jf /fhg}lts ;+:yfx¿ ePsf]

h_ d'n'ssf] jf If]qsf] ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] efiff eGbf a]Un} cflbjf;L efiff ePsf

dfly k|:t't ePsf cfwf/x?n] ls/ftLx?sf] klxrfg /fO{ gePsf] :ki6 ub{5 . hflto klxrfgsf nflu ;fd'lxs efiff, ;+:s[lt k|d'v cfwf/ dflgPsf] 5 . /fO{ Pp6f kbjL ePsf] sf/0f g} o;sf] s'g} efiff, wd{, ;+:s[lt 5}g . ls/ft cGt{utsf rflDnª, jGtfjf, nf]xf]?ª, jflxª, ofDkm", s'n'ª, cflb hfltx? cfkmg} efiff, ;+:s[lt, k/Dk/f ePsf hfltx? x'g\ .

Kiratese

cflbjf;L ls/ft dxf;+3sf] ;"lrs/0f tyf /fHo k'g;+/rgf ;DjGwdf cjwf/0ff kq

k|:tf]tf M k[YjL/fh d'sf?ª

cflbjf;L ls/ftLx? o; b]zsf e"ldk'q x'g\ . pgLx?sf] cl:tTj dflqe"ld tyf oxf+sf k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;fwg;+u jlnof];+u hf]l8Psf] 5 . ls/ftLx?sf] P]ltxfl;stf ;+:s[t ;flxTo cyj{j]b, jflNdls /fdfo0f / dxfef/tx?df -ls/ftL /fhfx? / hgtfx?sf]_ ;'Gb/ 9+un] pNn]v u/]sf] kfOG5 . ls/ftL j+zjnL ;Gbe{df uf]kfn /fh j+zfjnLdf #@ k':tf, 8]lgon j+zfjnL cg';f/ @( k':tf, lh=kL=l;+xsf cg';f/ @( k':tf, l;Neg n]eLsf cg';f/ @* k':tf, Oltxf; k|sfzg cg';f/ @% k':tf, 8f= :jfdL k|kGgrfo{sf cg';f/ @* k':tf / ;'= k|]djxfb'/ dfjf]xfª lnDj" / e'k]Gb|gfy zdf{ 9'+u]nsf cg';f/ ## k':tf ls/ftL /fhfx?n] /fHo rnfPsf] b]lvG5 . ljåfgx?sf dt jflemPtf klg ls/ftLx?sf] ;Eotf oxL+ ljsfl;t ePsf] xf] .

afa'/fd cfrfo{n] cfo{x? Ozfk"j{ &%) jif{  cufl8 ;tnh;Dd dfq cfOk'u]sf] cNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . o;n] s] b]vfp+5 eg] cflbjf;L ls/ftLx? ljz'4 oxL df6f]sf /}yfg]x? x'g\ . lnR5jL sfneGbf cufl8 dlxifkfn / uf]kfn j+zLo ls/ftL lyP . lnR5jLx?sf] cltqmd0fn] ls/ftLx? sf7df8f} vfN8f]jf6 lj:tflkt x'g k'u] . Ozfk"j{ %)) jif{ cufl8 dfgb]j k|ydn] ls/ftL /fhf s0f{xfª ljho u/L rf+u'gf/fo0f dlGb/ :yfkgf u/]sf] Toxf+ /x]sf] lznfn]vdf pNn]v 5 . tt\kZrft ls/ftLx? ls/ft e"dLdf -xfnsf] jNnf] ls/ft, dfem ls/ft / kNnf] ls/ft_ ;f]nf]8f]nf] e"ldsf] dflns e} cfjfb u/] .

sfnfGt/df vDa'jfg / lnDa"jfgsf] ?kdf laeflht x'g k'Uof] . of] s;/L eof] eGg] cg';Gwfgsf] kf6f] /x]sf] 5 . lj=;+= !*#! df zfxj+zLo /fhf k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] g]kfn /fHosf] PsLs/0f ubf{ vDj'jfgx?sf] Oltxf; cGwsf/leq k/] klg lnDj"jfg /fHo;+u !& k6s o'4 ubf{ klg ljho ug{ g;s]kl5 w/fg ljhok'/df ;+emf}tf u/L cfkm\gf] b'gf] ;f]emfPsf] Oltxf;ljbx?sf] egfO{ 5 . tTkZrft ls/ft /fHox?df ljleGg xts08f dRrfO{  if8oGqk"0f{ 9+un] lsk6 hUufnfO{ j]r]df /}s/df kl/0ft ug]{ hldgsf] dflns lhdLjf6 /}ltdf v;fNg dfq xf]Og ljleGg ku/L jf kb wf/0f u/fO{ kbjLnfO{ g} hfltdf ?kfGt/0f u/L /fO{s/0fdf k'¥ofpg / bf;Tjsf] ;'?jft ug{ ;kmn ePsf] b]lvG5 . olt dfq xf]Og ;fdfl/s lx;fan] kNnf] ls/ft gdfl;g] / jNnf] ls/ft dfl;g] eg]/ lnDa"jfgnfO{ km'NofP/ nfndf]x/ lbO{ cfkm\gf] tn'jf rf6\g] jgfPsf] b]lvG5 . oL pNn]lvt ljifox? P]ltxfl;s k[i7e"ldsf ?kdf dfq b[i6fGtx? l6lkPsf x'g h;n] ls/ftLx?nfO{ cg';Gwfg ug{ 3r3rfcf]; .

zfxj+zLo zf;gsfndf ls/ftLx?sf] k'/ftg dflgcfPsf k|fs[lts wd{, ;+:sf/ / ;Dkltdfly jnk"j{s cltqmd0f eof] / lxGb's/0fdf kl/jt{g u/fOof] . Pp6f ;fgf] pbfx/0sf] nflu g]jf/L ;d'bfo jf}4 wd{ dfGby] t/ k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] b;}+df h;n] vzLsf] jln r9fO{ 9f]sfdfly bf/L / /ut 6f+:b}g To;nfO{ lgd{d ;hfosf] eflubf/L x'g] 3f]if0ff u/] / gdfGg]nfO{ r/d oftgf lbbf qmflGtsf/L g]jf/x? ljb|f]xsf] ?kdf g]kfn vfN8f] 5f8L d'n'ssf] ljleGg 7fp+df 5l/g k'u]sf x'g\ . o;/L zfxj+zLo lg/+s'z zf;gn] :jtGq ;fj{ef}d ls/ftLx?nfO{ lxGb's/0f / e"–bf;df ?kfGt/0f ug{ ;kmn ePsf] b]lvG5 . ls/ftLx? cfkm\gf] :jklxrfg u'dfpg k'uL cGofo cTofrf/ zf]if0f / pTkL8gsf] hf+tf]df cflbjf;L ls/ftLx? lk;Lg k'u] . k+rfotsfnLg sfn/fqL @)#) ;fnlt/ ;r]t ls/ftL cu|hx?n] lrGtg dgg\ u/L cfkm"nfO{ lrgfpg vf]lhsf] qmd yfngL u/] . kmn:j?k ;]tfdu'/fnL gf/f lbO{ Ps csf]{df j}7s 5nkmnx? rNgfn] ls/ftL td" , lnDj" , z]kf{  cflb gfddf hf]8\g] k/+k/fsf] yflngL eof] . of] ;fgf] sfo{ ePklg k'ghfu/0fsf] yfngL lyof] . o;n]  ljljw hftLx?sf] ;+u ;+u7gx? uf]Ko ?kdf vf]Ng ;'?cft eof] . jgef]hsf] Joj:yf ug]{ / ToxL 5nkmn sfo{qmd rnfpg] ubf{ cflbjf;Lx?df kl/lrt x'g] / cflTdotfsf] k|jw{g x'g k'Uof] . @)#% ;fn;Dd cflbjf;L hghfltx?sf] e]nfdf -jgef]h sfo{qmddf_ j9Ldf !%) hgf;Dd e]nf x'g] ub{Yof] .

o;} e]nf -jgef]h_ sf] qmddf ofof]Svfsf] hGd x'g k'Uof] . t/ o;sf] PskIfLo Jojxf/sf sf/0f lnDj"x?n] ljb|f]x u/L r'dn'ª u7g u/] . ofof]Svfsf] tfgfzfxL Jojxf/n] g} @)^) ;fndf jfs'nf]rfgf -jflxª, s'n'ª, nf]xf]?ª, rflDnª, gfl5l/ª_ sf] hGd eof] / hflto klxrfgsf ;jfndf ;fd'lxs cfGbf]ng cufl8 j9fP . o;} qmddf @)^! ;fndf cflbjf;L hghflt u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf dxf;+esf] ljlwjt :yfkgf e} sf7df8f} lhNnf k|zf;gdf btf{ eof] .

jfs'nf]rgf / dxf;+3n] ;+o'Qm ?kdf ljljw efiff, ;+:s[lt ePsf cflbjf;L ls/ftLx?sf] hflto  :jklxrfgnfO{ d"n d'4fsf] ?kdf p7fpb} uof] . o;sf nflu k|tfk gfl5l/ªsf] ;+of]hsTjdf Ps ;+3if{ ;ldlt klg u7g ul/of] . tTkZrft jfGtfjf ;+3 klg hflto :jklxrfgsf] cfGbf]ngdf cfj4 eof] . To;kl5 ;+3if{ ;ldltsf] g]t[Tj qmd};+u k[YjL/fh d'sf?ª jfGtfjf, xf]d ofDkm" / lw/]g ;':tf]rf aflxªn] ug'{ePsf] lyof] h;df ljljw cfGbf]ngx?sf sfo{qmdx? ;+rfng ePsf] lyof] . o; ;+3if{ ;ldltn] d'n'ssf] ;j} k|wfg dGqL, :yfgLo ljsf; dGqL, cflbjf;L hghflt ;DjlGwt ;+:yf, cflbjf;L hghfltsf lj4t ju{, ;f+;bx? / ;+3Lo u0ftGq 3f]lift /fHosf] /fi6«klt ;dIf;d]t cfkm\gf] :jklxrfgsf] ;jfndf -k|ltlglw d08nn]_ dfukq k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ . oltdfq geP/ d'n'ssf k|d'v kf6Lx?sf k|d'vx?nfO{ bjfj lbg] qmddf cfO{ Pn cf] cle;lGw !^( ;d]t ;+;bjf6 kfl/t u/fpg ;kmn /Xof] .

/fHosf] k'g{;+/rgf / ls/ft k|b]z ;DjGwdf ;ldltn] @)^# ;fndf cflbjf;L hghflt dxf;+3sf] xndf b'Olbg] sfo{zfnf uf]li7 -8f= cf]d u'?ªsf] sfo{sfndf_ cfof]hgf u/L j[xb ls/ft k|b]z / jNnf] ls/ft, dfem ls/ft, kNnf] ls/ftsf] cjwf/0ff tof/ u/]sf] lyof] . o;}nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbb} cflbjf;L ls/ft dxf;+3sf] bf];|f] clwj]zgn] /fHo k'gM;+/rgf ;DjGwdf lnDj"jfg ;xdltdf cfPdf Pp6} ls/ft k|b]z agfpg] gq eg] jNnf] ls/ft / dfem ls/ft /fHosf] cjwf/0ff ;lxtsf] ljifox?df 5nkmn tyf lg0f{o kfl/t u¥of] . o;df ofof]Svfn] cufl8 ;f/]sf] ls/ft /fHosf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ yk36 -;Rofpg]_ ug]{ u/L lg0f{o u/]sf] 5 . t/ xfn cfP/ /fHo4f/f k'gM;+/rgf ;ldltdf lndj'jfg /fHosf] jf k|b]zsf] cjwf/0ff cfO;s]sfn] o;jf/] uDeL/ 5nkmn rnfpg' kg]{ b]lvG5 .

;+3if{sf] qmddf ;+3if{ ;ldltn] ljleGg 5nkmn, ljrf/ uf]li7, nlj, hgk}/jLsf ;fy} ;zQm cfGbf]ng -h'n';, wgf{, dzfn k|bz{g, tfnfjlGb_ ubf{ ;/sf/n] l9n} ePklg dx;'; u/L cflbjf;L hghflt ;"lrs/0f kl/dfh{g ug{ @)^% r}qdf 8f= cf]d u'?ªsf] ;+of]hsTjdf pRr:t/Lo sfo{bn u7g ePsf] lyof] . pQm sfo{bnn] yk @% hfltx?sf] ;"lrs/0fsf] lglDt l;kmfl/; u/]sf] 5 h;df ls/ft ;d'bfosf cf7kx/], s'n'ª, nf]xf]?ª, ofDkm" klg l;kmfl/;df k/]sf 5g\ . sfo{bndf cflbjf;L ls/ft dxf;+3 tyf ;"lrs/0f ;+3if{ ;ldltsf] tkm{jf6 xf]d ofDkm"n] Ps ;b:osf] ?kdf k|ltlglwTj u/]sf lyP . of] k|flKtsf] lglDt xfdLn] uf}/GjflGjt ePsf] 7fGg' kb{5 .

;"rLs/0f cfGbf]ngsf] bf}/fgdf & j6f ls/ftL hfltx?jf6 @)^$ ;fndf ls/ft dxf;+3sf] u7g u/L sf7df8f} lhNnf sfof{nodf ljlwjt btf{ ul/Psf] lyof] . o;sf] k|yd clwj]zgjf6 xf]d ofDkm" / bf];|f] clwj]zgn] rGb| s'n'ªsf] cWoIftfdf dxf;+3sf] sfo{;ldlt rog u/]sf] lyof] . t/ rGb| s'n'ª @)^* h]i7jf6 cflbjf;L tyf hghflt u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf dxf;+3sf] sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs kbdf lgo'lQm ePkl5 lw/]g ;':tf]rf aflxªsf] sfo{jfxs cWoIftfdf cflbjf;L ls/ft dxf;+3 cufl8 j9\of] .

dxf;+3sf] t];|f] clwj]zg @)^* ;fn efb| # ut] ;DkGg e} k[YjL/fh d'f?ª jfGtfjfsf] cWoIftfdf cflbjf;L ls/ft dxf;+3 ultdfg /x]sf] 5 . o;n] ;"lrs/0fsf] ;jfnnfO{ lnP/ ;+3if{sf] ?kx? tof/ ug{ ljljw ls/ft hftLo ;+3;+:yfx?;+u 5nkmn u/L ;+of]hgsf] e"dLsf lgjf{x ul//x]sf] 5 . xfn cflbjf;L ls/ft dxf;+3df !% j6f ls/ftL d"nsf hflto ;+:yfx? cfj4 /x]sf 5g\ .

clxn] zfxj+zLo /fHo ;Qf x6fO{ u0ftGqnfO{ ;+:yfut ug{ cGtl/d sfndf /x]sf] 5 . of] x'g'df cflbjf;L hghfltsf cu|hx?n] v]n]sf] e"ldsf, jlnbfgL / cfGbf]ngdf p7fOPsf d'4fx?nfO{ k|d'v kf6Lx?n] cfTd;ft ug'{ d'Vo /x]sf 5g\ . hgcfGbf]ng bf];|f] -@)^@÷^#_ ;Dd cfOk'Ubf w]/} cflbjf:L hghfltx?n];fxbft k|fKt u/] . hgcfGbf]ngsf] d'Vo nIo lg/+s'z /fhtGqsf] cGTo / hflto, juL{o, If]qLo ?kdf kLl8t hgtfsf] clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ug'{ /x]sf] lyof] . hgcfGbf]ngsf] bjfj tyf pknJwL :j?k g]kfnnfO{ wd{lg/k]If / u0ftGq 3f]if0ff ug{ ;Qf;Lg kf6Lx? jfWo eP .

gof+ ;lDjwfg cflbjf;L hghfltx?sf] cfkm\gf] e'ld, :jklxrfg, cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/, cu|flwsf/ Pj+ dfgj clwsf/sf] ;'lgl:rttfsf] nflu rflxPsf] xf] . t/ pkNnf] hfltsf] nflu of] ckfRo ePsfn] hf]8tf]8n] if8oGq ul//x]sf 5g\ . o;sf] x]Ssf /fvL cflbjf;L hghfltx?n] cem pRrfOdf cfGbf]ng ug{ tof/L ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 . cfGbf]ngsf] Hj/ef6f ljgf ;lhn} ;+ljwfg / cfTdlg0f{o ;lxtsf] /fHo k'gM;+/rgf x'g g;Sg] nIf0fx? k|i6 ?kn] ;Qf;Lgx?n] b]vfO/x]5g\ . o;sf/0f cflbjf;L hghfltx? ;j} Psh'6 eO{ ;+3if{ ug'{kg]{ :ki6 b]lvG5 .

Pp6f hfltsf] v'§f tfGg] k|j[ltnfO{ bf]xf]¥ofOof] eg] of] ;'gf}nf] df}sf ;lhn} u'dfpg] 5f}+ . cem ;/sf/L /j}of x]bf{ lgs6 eljiod} ;"lrs/0f sfo{bn of cfof]u jgfO{ afx'gIf]qLnfO{ klg cflbjf;L hghfltdf ;"lrs[t u/L afx'Notf agfO{ a|Xdn'6 dRrfpg rfx]sf] s'/f aflx/ cfO;s]sf] 5 . t;y{ o; ;+j]bgzLn 38Ldf ;j} cflbjf;L hghflt Ps h'6 x'g cfjZos 5 . o;/L g} ;j} ls/ftLx? Ps h'6 e} Pp6} j[xb ls/ft /fHosf] dfu ug{ plrt b]lvG5 .

cflbjf;L ls/ftLx?sf] klxrfg ;lxtsf] clwsf/ k|fKt u/]kl5 cfGtl/s ?kdf /fHox?sf] Joj:yf jNnf] ls/ft, dfem ls/ft / kNnf] ls/ft / o; leq/x]sf ljljw hfltx?sf] cfwf/df clwsf/ ;DkGg pk:jfoQtf tyf OsfO{x?  Jojl:yt ug{ ;lsg]5 . h;n] ubf{ e"efu tyf hgzlQm klg 7"nf] /xg] x'+bf ls/ft /fHosf] dfusf nflu ;fdfYo{tf, klxrfg tyf Oltxf; ;lxtsf] cfwf/ /xg]5 . j[xb ls/ft /fHo ePdf g} o;leq /xg] ;j} hfltx?sf] ;dfg klxrfg;lxtsf] clwsf/ ;'lglZrt x'g]5 . o; jfx]ssf cGo ;+/rgfn] ls/ft k|b]zsf ljljw hftLx?sf] klxrfg, clwsf/sf] If]qdf ljifdtf -Pp6f klxrfg ;lxtsf] cu|flwsf/jfnf / csf]{ gfd÷klxrfg j]u/sf] bf;|f] bhf{_ Nofpg]5 . o;n] bf];|f] txsf hfltsf] klxrfg, clwsf/nfO{ s'l07t kfg]{ ePsfn] /fHodf ljleGg hfltx?jLr c;Gt'li6 / czflGtsf] cj:yf cfpg ;Sb5 . ls/ftLx?sf] efjgf, Pstfdf g} klg c;/ k'Ug]5 . To;}n] ;j} hfltsf] dd{, efjgfnfO{ ;d]6\g], j/fj/ klxrfg / clwsf/ :yfkgf ;lxt ;j}nfO{ lrQ j'em\g] ;+/rgf æj[xb ls/ft k|b]zÆ x'g] ePsfn] cflbjf;L ls/ft dxf;+3 o;sf] kIfdf hgk}/jL ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .

t/ ls/ftIf]qnfO{ lnDa"jfg, vDj'jfg ;lxt ljleGg k|b]z / ;du| g]kfnnfO{ hftLo, If]qLo, ef}uf]lns cfwf/ jf ;f+:s[lts lx;fjn] !$ cf]6f /fHox?leq ;+ljwfg ;efsf] /fHosf] k'gM;+/rgf / /fHo zlQmsf] af+8kmf+8 ;ldltn] lg0f{o ul/;s]sf] cj:yf klg 5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf ls/ft If]qsf ls/ftLx?n] ulDe/ ?kn] 5nkmn u/L pko'Qm lgisif{ lgsfNg' kb{5 . csf]{lt/ jNnf] ls/ftsf] ;f]n'If]qdf hxf+ ls/ftL hfltx?sf] a;f]af; jfx'Notf /x]sf] 5 To;nfO{ z]kf{ /fHosf] ?kdf cufl8 ;fl/Psf] 5 . o;nfO{ lj8Djgfg} dfGg' kb{5 . ;d:ofx?sf] ;dfwfg ug{sf] nflu cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/ ToxL 7fpsf cflbjf;Lx?nfO{ lbOg' kg]{df -s'g /fHosf s'g tx, OsfOdf a:g rfxg] xf] /f]Hg] clwsf/ kfpg'kg]{_ ;DjlGwt ;d'bfonfO{ g;f]wL lhDd]jf/ kIfx?n] cfkm"v'zL ;+/rgf NofO/x]sf] cj:yf 5 . cfkm\gf] e'ld;+usf] ;DjGw / cfkm\gf] :jklxrfg cfkm"n] vf]Hg' tyf lgwf] ug{ kfpg' kg]{df cs}{n] nfb]sf] ;+/rgf :jLsfl/g' kg]{ b]lvPsf] 5 . o;n] ef]nL ljljw hfltx?sf] jLrdf c;Gt'li6 e} d'n'snfO{ u[xo'4 / /Qmkftlt/ ws]Ng]5 .

csf]{tkm{ c8fO;o jif{b]lv o; /fHodf Ps5q ?kdf xflnd'xfln ul//x]sf kIfx? clwsf/jf6 jl~rt hft hfltx?sf] clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ePsf] grflx/x]sf] cj:yf 5 . pgLx? hftLo klxrfgsf] cfwf/df  /fHo ;+/rgf x'g'x'b}g eGb} s'ln{/x]sf 5g\ . o;n] clwsf/ ljlxg cflbjf;L hghflt, blnt, dlxnf sf] clwsf/ ;'lglZrt x'g] ;+ljwfg tyf /fHosf] ;+/rgf cfpg]df ljZjf; ug{ ;Sg] cfwf/ 5}g . lsgeg] lg0f{o txdf ltg} PstlGqo zf;g k4ltdf t/ df/]/ j;]sf ju{x?sf] ks8 /x]sf] 5 . To;}n] hj/hl:t -;xdltsf] b:tfj]hsf] gfddf_ gof+ ;+ljwfg t 3f]if0ff xf]nf . o;n] ;lbof}+b]lv kLl8t jGb} cfPsf hgtfx?sf] clwsf/ ;'lglZrt x'g] ck]Iff ug{ ;lsb}g . To;}n] ls/ftLx?n] cfkm\gf clwsf/sf n8fO{nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg tof/ /xg cfjZos 5 .

clwsf/ dfu]/ xf]Og vf];]/ lng'k5{ eGg] s'/f ;a sf]xLn] a'lemPs} s'/f] xf] . ;+3if{ ug{sf] lgldt cfTdut / j:t'ut kl/l:ylt 7Ls x'g'kb{5 . j:t'ut kl/l:yltn] cfGbf]ng rfx+bf cfTdut cj:yf jf ;+u7g alnof] x'g'kb{5 . To;}n] ;j} hftLo ;+u7gx? ;zQm x'g' h?/L 5 . dgf]ut 9+un] cfGbf]ng x'b}g . o;sf nflu ljrf/, l;4fGt, ;+u7g / jlnbfgLsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . xfdL ;j}n] o;nfO{ dgg u/L cufl8 a9\g' kb{5 . ;"lrs/0f / /fHo k'gM;+/rgf ;DaGwdf lgDg a'+bfut ?kdf Aofks 5nkmnaf6 lg:sif{ lgsfnL cfGbf]ngsf] tof/L ug'{ h?/L 5 .

!= ;"lrs/0fsf] ;jfndf cflbjf;L ls/ft dxf;+3n] ;j} cflbjf;L ls/ftx?nfO{ uf]naGb -;+u7Lt_ ug{ / g]t[Tjbflo e'ldsf lgefpg' kb{5 . o;sf nflu s]Gb|, lhNnf tyf :yfgLo OsfO{ ;ldltx?nfO{ s[ofzLn jgfpg h?/L 5 .

@= ;"lrs/0fsf] l;kmfl/; ePsf / gePsf hftLo ;+3;+:yfx?n] ;+o'Qm cfGbf]ngnfO{ b[9tfsf;fy cufl8 a9fpg' k5{ . ;"lrs/0f ;+3if{ ;ldlt / cflbjf;L ls/ft dxf;+3jLr 5nkmn u/L ;fd'lxs sfo{of]hgfsf ;fy cfGbf]ngsf s[ofsnfk cufl8 j9fpg' kg]{5 .

#= cflbjf;L ls/ft dxf;+3n] cfkm\gf] cl:tTj sfod x'g] u/L cGo hftLo dxf;+3x?;+u ;femf ;jfndf ;xsfo{ ug]{ .

$= cfO{=Pn=cf]= cle;lGw !^( af6 k|bQ clwsf/sf] pkof]usf nflu lg/Gt/ ;+3if{/t /xg]

%= ;"lrs/0f / /fHo k'gM;+/rgf cfGbf]ngnfO{ ;+u;+u} nfg] .

^= b'O{cf]6f /fHosf]aLrdf s'g} cflbjf;L hghfltsf] jfx'Notf 5 eg] p;sf] cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/ ;'lglZrt x'g' kb{5 . To;sf] nflu lhNnf jf PsfO{ ef}uf]lns Ifqx]/L lbg'kb{5 .

&= ;+3Lo k|b]zddf ;j} cflbjf;L hghfltx?sf] klxrfg ;lxtsf] clwsf/ ;'lglZrt x'g' kb{5 . k|To]s hfltsf] cu|flwsf/ j8f :t/;Dd x'g' kb{5 .

*= s'g k|b]z jf pkk|b]zdf /xg] eGg] s'/f ;DjlGwt ;d'bfo -hgtf_ n] lg0f{o ug{ kfpg' kb{5 ;fy} /fHox?sf] ;LdfÍg ubf{ ;DjlGwt If]q -ToxL_ sf hgtfx?sf] lg0f{o cg';f/ x'g'kb{5 .

(= cflbjf;L hghfltx?n] cfkm\gf] ;f+:s[lts, eflifs, P]ltxfl;s, cfly{s ;|f]t ;fwg jf ;fdfYo{sf] cfwf/df s'g} klg cflbjf;L hghfltx?n] 5'6} /fHosf] dfu k|:t't u/]df cflbjf;L ls/ft dxf;+3n] ;xof]u / PSoj4tf hfx]/ ug'{ kb{5 .

!!= k|d'v s'/f] t ;+3Lo u0ftGqfTds ;+ljwfgsf] 3f]if0ff x'g' w]/} hl6n ePsfn] To;}df s]lGb|t eO{ cflbjf;L ls/ft dxf;+3 nfUg' kg{]5 . 

Dr. Hark Gurung

Nepalese Linguistics

Linguistic Diversity in Nepal Perspectives on Language Policy

LETTER AGAINST MISSLEAD

 

g]kfn ls/ft s'n'ª  efiff ;+:s[lt pTyfg ;+3

   s]lGb|o sfof{no kf+rsGof — %, b]jLuf+p ;'g;/L

ldlt M @)^*.!@.@*

;j} s'n'ª lblbjlxgL, bfh'efO{x?df ckLn .

pk/f]St ;DjGwdf cflbjf;L ls/ftL d"nsf ljljw efiff, ;+:s[lt ePsf hfltx?sf] klxrfgsf] ;jfndf s]xL JolQmx?n] s'n'ª dfq n]v]/ ;"lrs/0f gx'g] / /fO{ hf]8\]/ hfg' kg]{, /fO{ g} hflt xf] egL s'n'ª ;d'bfodf e|d kfg{ nflu k/]sf] yfxf x'g cfPsf] 5 . To;/L g} s'n'ªx? %) xhf/ /sd gkfP/ km/s x'g vf]h]sf], k6s, k6s jf]nfpbf klg 5nkmndf guPsf], 8n/sf] v]tL u/]sf] cflb ;lxtsf] g]kfn ls/ft s'n'ª efiff ;+:s[lt pTyfg ;+3 / o;sf] kbflwsf/Lsf] lj?4df e|fds ;dfrf/ ;[hgf u/L e|dsf] v]lt ul//x]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . o; k|lt 3f]/ cfklQ k|s6 ub}{ ;j} s'n'ª ;d'bfo ;r]t /xg cfjxfg ul/G5 .

hflt tyf klxrfg k};fn] lsGg] s'/f xf]Og / %) xhf/ t s] c/jf}+ y'kf/] klg s'n'ªn] cfkm\gf] klxrfg j]Rg] 5}g . h;n] nfx'/] bfh'efO{sf] ;DklQ / ljb]zL 8n/ vfO{/x]sf] 5 To;}n] s'n'ªnfO{ 8n/ v]tL u/]sf] cf/f]k nufPsf] 5 . ltgLx?n] k|dfl0ft u?g xfdLn] 8n/ v]tL u/]sf], xfdL ltgLx?n] u/]sf] k|dfl0ft ug]{5f}+ . s'n'ª ;d'bfosf] ;d:of s'n'ª ;d'bfon] g} ef]u]sf] 5 To;}n] pgLx?sf] clwsf/ / klxrfgsf] ;jfndf s'n'ª ;d'bfo :ki6 eP/ nfu]sf] 5 . xfdLdf s'g} b'ljwf 5}g / s;};+u efUg], 8/fpg] / s;}sf] sfo{df e8\sfpg] klg xfd|f] gLlt 5}g . hf]sf]xL;+u xft]dfnf] u/L sfo{ ug{ tof/ 5 . xfdL xfd|f] ;jfndf hf];'s};+u s'g} klg j]nf jf]Ng, s'/f ug{ tof/ 5f}+ . s'/f ug{ jf]nfpbf guPsf] h:tf e|fds s'/f gul/of]; .

xfdLn] u/]sf] ;lx sfo{nfO{ e8\sfpg], skf]nslNkt, e|fds s'/f u/]/ cflv/ pgLx?n] s] kfpg] xf] . cfDg];fDg] j;f}{ s'/f u/f}+ g . o;sf nflu g]kfn ls/ft s'n'ª efiff ;+:s[lt pTyfg ;+3  ;+w} tof/ 5 .

pko'{Qm e|fds s'/fx?nfO{ lrg{ tyf cflbjf;L ls/ftLx?sf] klxrfgsf] ;jfndf :ki6 ug{ s]xL tYox? ;lxtsf] ;fgf] b:tfj]h o;};fy k7fOPsf] 5 . ;j}n] x]g{ / ;j}jLr 5nkmn ug{ cg'/f]w 5 . cfjZos k/]df cGo yk ;"rgfx? klg k7fOg] hfgsf/L ;d]t cg'/f]w 5 .

                                                                          OGb| s'n'ª

                                                                              dxf;lrj

KIRATESE ARE NOT 'RAI' BUT THEY ARE KIRATESE

ls/ftLx? g]kfnsf cflbjf;L -OlG8lhlgo; lkkn;\_ x'g\ /fO{ xf]Ogg\

                                                           OGb| s'n'ª -ls/ft_

ljljw efiff, ;+:s[lt, k/+k/fut e"dL, tyf e"dL / k|fs[lts >f]tdf cfwfl/t hLjg z}nL ePsf ls/ftLx? g]kfnsf cflbjf;L÷d"njf;L x'g\ . ls/ftleq $# eGbf j9L efiff, ;+:s[lt ePsf hfltx? 5g\ . g]kfn PsLs/0f;+u} /fHon] cjnDjg u/]sfn] Psefiff, Pswd{ ;lxtsf] lje]bsf/L gLltsf sf/0f cGo ljljw efiff, ;+:s[ltsf cflbjf;Lx? h:t} ls/ft ;+:s[lt cGt{utsf hfltx? klg pk]lIft /Xof] . h;n] ubf{ oL hfltx? cfly{s, /fhg}lts, ;fdflhs, ;f+;s[lts ;j} If]qdf kl5 5g\ .

@)$^ sf] hgcfGbf]ng kl5 lgdf{0f ePsf] ;+ljwfg @)$& n] g]kfn jx'hflt, jx';f+:s[lts, jx'eflifs b]z ePsf] :jLsf¥of] . cf7f}+ k~raifL{o of]hgf -@)$(–@)%$_ df lk5l8 kfl/Psf cflbjf;L hghfltx?nfO{ ljsf;sf] d"nk|jfxdf ;dflxt u/fpg] k|fjwfg /flvof] . ;f]xL cg';f/ tTsflng ;/sf/n] …cflbjf;L hghflt pTyfg /fli6«o k|lti7fg P]g @)%*Ú NofO{ …cflbjf;L hghflt pTyfg /fli6«o k|lti7fgÚ sf] :yfkgf ePsf] 5 . cflbjf;L hghflt pTyfg /fli6«o k|lti7fg P]g @)%*, cGt/fli6«{o >d ;+u7g dxf;lGw g+ !^(, sf] kl/efiff tyf cGo kl/efiff cg';f/ ls/fltd"nsf ljljw efiff, ;+:s[lt ePsf hfltx? cflbjf;L hghflt pTyfg /fli6«o k|lti7fgsf] cg';"rLdf ;"rLs[t x'g ;Sg] kof{Kt cfwf/ x'+bfx'+b} klg s]xL jfx]s w]/} hfltx? ;"lrs[t x'gjf6 jl~rt /x]sf 5g\ . h;n] ubf{ of] ;d'bfox? :jcl:tTj klxrfg tyf ljsf; k|s[ofdf ;xfefuL x'g] clwsf/jf6 jl~rt /x]sf 5g\ .

@$) jif{;Dd lje]bsf/L gLltsf] l;sf/ ePsf ls/ftLx? /fHojf6 nflbPsf] /fO{ ku/Lsf] n]kn] kf]ltPsf sf/0f cfh cfkm\gf] jf:tljs klxrfgjf/] g} cGof]n /x]sf] cj:yf 5 . ljZjsf cflbjf;Ln] cfkm\gf klxrfg k|lt uf}/j ub}{, clwsf/sf] n8fO{ nl8/x]sf] j]nf g]kfnsf ls/ftLx? eg] /fHojf6 ls/ftLsf] cl:tTj Wj:t kfg{ nflbPsf] /fO{ ku/Ldf g} uj{ ul//xsf 5g\ . cem cfkm\gf] ;lx klxrfgnfO{ 9fs5f]k ug]{ / ;lx klxrfgsf] prf/0f ug]{, vf]Hg]x?nfO{ pN6} hfltdf km'6 Nofpg], ef+8\g] h:tf cf/f]k / ts{ ug]{ klg ub{5g\ . h;sf sf/0f ls/ftLx?sf] k/+k/fut ;+/rgf ;lxtsf cfkm\gf df}lns klxrfgdf cf3ft k'lu/x]sf] 5 To;} k|lt ua{ ug'{ /fHon] @$) jif{;Dd nfb]sf] lje]bsf/L gLltsf] pkh dfq ge} xfdLdf ePsf] cGwf]kg klg xf] .  

cfkm\gf] klxrfgn] sbflk hflt, ;dfh 6'qmb}g . j? klxrfgn] ;fd'lxstfdf jn k'¥ofp+b5 .  ;d'bfosf] clwsf/ ;'lglZrt e} ljsf; k|s[ofdf ;xefuL x'g] cj;/ k|bfg ub{5 . ljljw efiff, ;+:s[lt ePsf ;d"xx?jLr Ps cfk;df xft]dfnf] u/L ljsf; k|s[ofdf cl3 j9\g] jftfj/0f jGb5 . cfhsf] cflbjf;L hghflt dxf;+3 o;sf] HjfnGt pbfx/0f xf] . h;df ;"lrs[t ;j} cflbjf;L hghflt Ps u7 e} cfkm\gf clwsf/ / ljsf;sf nflu ;fd'lxs kxn ul//x]sf 5g\ . ls/flt d"ns} lnDj', ofVvf, ;'g'jf/, lh/]n, xfo', yfdL, lwdfn, d]r] cflb hfltx? ;"lrs/0f eO{ cfTd ;Ddfgsf ;fy cfkm\gf ljsf; k|s[ofdf nfu]sf 5g\ . klxrfg -;"rLs[t_ ePsf sf/0f oL ;d'xx? u}/–ls/ftL klg ePsf 5}gg\ . cfkm\gf ;d'x eGbf 6f8f /x]sf cyjf km"6]sf 5}gg\ . Ps} efiff, ;+:s[lt ePsf cGo hfltx? -ysfnL, z]kf{_ h'g y'k|} hfltx?dfdf ;"lrs[t ePsf 5g\ . pgLx?df km"6 cfPsf] 5}g . emg Pstfdf jf+lwPsf / ;fd'lxs clwsf/sf cfjfhnfO{ bl/nf] kf/]sf 5g\ .

ls/ftLleq ljljw efiff, ;+:s[lt ePsf hfltx? 5g\ . tL ljljw efiff, ;+:s[ltx? ls/fltx?sf] klxrfg tyf ;DklQ x'g\ . oL ;j} hfltn] cfkm\gf] klxrfg k|fKt ug'{ eg]sf] ls/fltx?sf] Pstf / ljsf;sf] cfwf/ jGg' xf] . s'g} klg ls/ftL hfltsf] klxrfg x/fP ;du| ls/ftLsf] cl:tTjdf c;/ k'Ub5 . To;}n] ljljw efifff, ;+:s[lt ePsf ;j} vfn] ls/ftL hfltx?sf] clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ePdf g} ;du| ls/ftn] ljsf; k|s[ofdf ;xefuLtf x'g] jftfj/0f jGb5 / ;j} hflt ;d"xjLr ;befj sfod e} zflGtsf] ck]Iff ug{ ;lsG5 .

ls/fthGo ljljw efiff ;+:s[lt ePsf hfltx?sf] ;lx klxrfgnfO{ nTofpb} tyfslyt /fO{nfO{ ck|fs[lts ?kdf hj/hl:t hflt jgfp+g vf]Hbf, ljljw efiff, ;+:s[lt ePsf ls/ft d"nsf ljljw hfltsf hflto cl:tTj ;+s6df 5 . hflto :jklxrfgsf] clwsf/nfO{ nTofPs} sf/0f oL hfltx?jLr ;dembf/Ldf sdL /xg'sf ;fy} ls/ft k|b]zsf] ;jfndf ;dfg cjwf/0ff / k|efjsf/L cfGbf]ng ug{ g;s]sf] cj:yf 5 . hflto klxrfgn] x}g lje]b, pk]Iffn] km'6nfO{ lgDTofp+b5 . To;}n] ;j}n] ;j}sf] klxrfg, cl:tTjnfO{ :jLsf/L Pstfsf nflu jftfj/0f tof/ ug{ h?/L 5 .

…/fO{x?Ú hfltljz]if xf]Ogg\ eGg] s'/fdf ljleGg n]vs, cg';Gwfgstf{ tyf a'l4lhljx?sf egfOx? M

·       …/fO{ ;+1f w]/}kl5 cyf{t\ lj=;+=!*#! sf] cf;kf;df k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] ls/ft k|b]znfO{ cfw'lgs g]kfndf ;lDdlnt u/fPkl5 Jofks ?kdf k|of]u x'g yfn]sf] b]lvG5 . To;tfsf pgn] …lhdLbf/Ú / …tfn'sbf/Ú lgo'Qm u/L …/fO{Ú / To;/L g} ufpFsf] k|d'v lnDa"x?nfO{ …;'AafÚ dfg kbjLn] lje"lift ul/lbPsf lyP . sfnfGt/df oL dfg kbjLsf] k|of]un] ubf{ ;Dk"0f{ hftLo ;d'bfonfO{ g} c+ufNg k'u]sf] x'Fbf lhdLbf/x? …/fO{Ú, lnDa"x? …;'AafÚ / ofVvfx? …b]jfgÚ elgP .Ú -gu]Gb| zdf{, g]kfnL hghLjg, bflh{lnË, ef/tM crnf eujtL k|sfzg, hgj/L !(&^, k[i7–!)) / !)!_

·       …k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] ls/ft If]qnfO{ sl/a !*#! lj=;= cyjf nueu !&&$ O{:jL ;Dddf a[xt\ g]kfnLdf ld;fPkl5 dfq /fO{ zAbsf] Jofks k|of]u x'g yfn]sf] xf] . /fO{ zAbsf] k|of]u d'Vo sf/0fdf k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] To; If]qsf k|d'vx?nfO{ :yfgLo k|zf;s lgo'Qm u/]sf / ltgdWo] vDa"x?nfO{ /fO{ kbjL lbOg' g} xf] .Ú -/fh]z uf}td, s]=yfkf du/, 6«Oan OYgf]u|fkmL ckm g]kfn, k[i7 !%% / !%^_

·       …ls/ft hfltsf j+zh / Ps k|d'v xfFuf dflgPsf /fO{x?, ;'?df s'g} hflt ljz]if lyPgg\ eGg] c8\sn ug{ ;lhnf] 5, lsgeg] /fO{ zAb /fhfsf] kof{oafrL xf] / cl3 o;nfO{ pkflwsf ?kdf dfq k|of]u ul/GYof] .Ú -gu]Gb| zdf{, g]kfnL hghLjg, bflh{lnË, ef/tM crnf eujtL k|sfzg, hgj/L !(&^, k[i7–!))_

·       …/fO{Ú zAb lhdLbf/x?nfO{ lbOPsf] kbjLsf] gfd xf] .Ú -/fh]z uf}td, s]=yfkf du/, 6«Oun OYgf]u|fkmL ckm g]kfn, k[i7 !%%_

·       …/fO{, lnDa", d'lvof / b]jfg kb kfPsf JolQmx?nfO{ ltgLx?sf] lsk6 e"ldsf] ;Ldf lgwf{l/t ul/Pkl5 e"ld;'wf/ / /fh:j ;+sng ug]{ lhDd]jf/L lbOPsf] lyof] . ltgLx? :yfgLo jf If]qLo k|d'vx? ;d]t lyP . lsk6 eGgfn] dflg;sf] c?nfO{ laqmL ug{ g;lsg] hldg xf] . o; cy{df hldgsf] ;'wf/af6 kmfObf / ;x'lnot k|fKt x'GYof] . o;df lsk6x? k}t[s clwsf/ eP, k}t[s ?kd} /x]sf] kbjL Pp6f a]Un} ;d'bfo a'emfpgdf k|of]u x'g yfNof] .Ú -/fh]z uf}td, s]=yfkf du/, 6«Oan OYgf]u|fkmL ckm g]kfn, k[i7 !%^_

·       …/fO{Ú zAb /fhfaf6 pTkGg ePsf] xf] . o; kbjL vDa"jfgdf uf]vf{ cflwkTokl5 k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxaf6 vDa" k|d'vx?nfO{ lbOPsf] lyof] elgG5 t/ To;eGbf cl3 klg k"j{ g]kfnsf] ;]g zf;sx?n] ltgLx?nfO{ To; k|sf/sf] ;+af]wg u/]sf] kfOG5 . oBkL …/foÚ elgg] pkflwnfO{ uf]vf{nLx?n] …/fO{Údf kl/jt{g u/]sf lyP .Ú -s'df/ k|wfg, b uf]vf{ sGSj]i6\;\, k[i7–%@_

·       …ha klxn] vDa"x? / To;kl5 lnDa"x? uf]vf{nLx?af6 k/flht eP, uf]vf{sf /fhfn] ;+ejtM pgsf k/flht b'Zdgx?nfO{ ;fGTjgf lbg] p2]Zon] pgLx?dWo]sf Hofb} k|efjzfnL JolQmx?nfO{ cf1fkq lbP/ s]xL lhNnfx?df zf;g ug]{ clwsf/ k|bfg u/] . oL cf1fkqåf/f vDa"x?nfO{ …/fO{Ú kbjL / lnDa"x?nfO{ ;'Aaf kbjL lbOPsf] lyof], h;sf] cy{ Jofjxfl/s ?kdf p:t} lyof] .Ú -Pl8g\ e]lG;6f{6, uf]vf{h, k[i7–(&_

·       …ltgLx?sf] k'Vof}{nL hldgsf] clwsf/nfO{ k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] k"0f{?kdf dfGotf lbP . pgn] :yfoLo ls/ftL k|d'vx? lgo'Qm u/], h;nfO{ /fhsLo cf1fkq -nfndf]x/_ lbP/ cfb/k"0f{ …/fO{Ú cyjf k|d'v kbjL lbP tfls ltgLx? / /fHosf] aLrdf dWo:ytf sfo{ xf];\– k|s/0f lta| ?kdf lj:tf/ x'Fb} uPsf] uf]vf{ /fHo;+u ev{/ lhltPsf] If]qnfO{ k|ToIf zf;g ug]{ k|zf;gLs oGq lyPg .Ú -rfN;\ dSbf}un, b s'n'ª /fO{, k[i7–*_

·       …dfem ls/ftdf klxn]sf k|d'vx? x6fOP / ltgLx?sf] 7fpFdf /fO{sf ?kdf c? ls/ftx?nfO{ lgo'Qm ul/P .Ú -/fh]z uf}td, s]=yfkf du/, 6«fOan OYgf]u|fkmL ckm g]kfn, k[i7 !%%_

·       …jf:tjdf ljrf/ ug]{ xf] eg] cfhsf] cy{df /fO{ zAbsf] k|of]u k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] ls/ft k|b]znfO{ cfw'lgs g]kfndf ;lDdlnt u/fPkl5 cyf{t\ laqmd ;+jt\ !*#! sf] cf;kf;b]lv g} Jofks?kdf k|of]u x'g yfn]sf] b]lvG5 . sf/0f To; ;dodf pgn] ufpFsf hfGg];'Gg] JolQmnfO{ :yfgLo k|zf;ssf ?kdf lhdLbf/ / tfn'sbf/ lgo'Qm u/L …/fO{Ú To;/L g} ufpFs} k|d'v JolQm lnDa"x?nfO{ …;'AafÚ tyf ltgsf pk;d"xnfO{ ljleGg dfg kbjLn] lje"lift u/fPsf lyP .Ú -hgsnfn zdf{, xfd|f] ;dfh –Ps cWoog, sf7df8f}+ ;femf k|sfzg @)#( ;fn, k[i7–@*^_

·       …/fo zAb /fhf zAbsf] cke|+z xf] . ======= /fO{ zAb eg] /fo zAbs} cke|+z b]lvg cfpF5 .Ú -lzjs'df/ >]i7, lnDa'jfgsf] P]ltxfl;s cWoog, wgs'6f, >LdtL u+ufb]jL >]i7, @)$@, k[i7–(!_

·       /fO{ hflt xf]Og, kb xf] -;femf km"njf/L 8f]/jxfb'/ lji6_

·       /fO{ kbjL ePsf] cfwf/ ;L=Pd= vDj" -gfDrL, blIf0f l;lSsd_ åf/f k|sflzt ……/fO{ sf] x'g\ ?Ú eGg] k|sfzgn] klg k|i6 kf/]sf] 5 .  …/fO{Ú zAbsf] Jofks k|of]u nueu ;ft bzs cl3b]lv dfq ePsf] Oltxf;n] jtfp+b5 . ;dosf] cGt/fndf ha ha g]kfnL hfltjLr df}lns eflids / ;f+:s[lts d"No dfGotfx?sf] nx/ rNof] ;f] bf}8df efu lngnfO{ of] …/fO{Ú zAb jf ;+1f clxn] Pp6f ljjfbsf] s73/fdf pleg uPsf] 5 . -;L=Pd= vDj"_

·       k|frLg sfndf dfnkf]t jf lt/f]ef/f] p7fpg] Ps kbflwsf/L . tYo cg';f/ ls/ftL vDj"x?n] g]kfn PsLs/0f cleofg cGtu{t cfkm\gf] ;fj{ef}d ;Qfl;t ;f6]sf] pkflw / …ku/LÚ hf] /fO{sf] df}lns Jo'TkGg zAb / hft j'lemb}g -;L=Pd= vDj"_

·       k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] g]kfn PsLs/0f cleofgdf s'6gLltåf/f lnDj"x?sf] /fHo lnDa"jfg ;Djt\ !(!$ df ;'jfª\uL -;'Aaf_ kb / nfndf]x/ ydfO{ lbPkl5  ;'Aaf eP . To;} u/L ;Dat\ !*#@ lt/ g} vDa"x?sf] /fHo vDa"jfgdfly nuftf/ cfqmd0f u/L cfkm\gf sAhfdf cfPkl5 vDa"nfO{ …/fO{Ú kb\jL / k|lti7f ;"rs …ku/LÚ ;lxt nfndf]x/ lbP/ …/fO{Ú agfof] . qmd}n] ;'g'jf/ hflt …d'lvofÚ  eP eg] ofSvfx? …b]jfgÚ  eP cf} t/fO{sf yf?x? …rf}w/LÚ ePsf x'g\ . tbk/fGt g]kfn /fli6«o PsLs/0fsf] cleofgdf k"jL{ g]kfnsf] ljleGg ls/ftj+zLo clw/fHox?nfO{ tLg k|fb]lzs If]qdf ljefhg u/L jNnf] ls/ft, kNnf] ls/ft / dfem ls/ft egL gfdfs/0f ul/of] . tL tLg k|fb]lzs e"efu cGtu{t jNnf] ls/ftdf d'lvof -;'g'jf/_, kNnf] ls/ftdf ;'Aaf -lnDj"_, b]jfg -ofSvf_, /fO{ -g]jfxfª_, tyf dfem ls/ftdf /fO{ -vDa"_ ;d"xsf] lsk6Lo k|fb]lzs If]q kb{Yof] .

lsk6Lo zf;gsfnqmddf lsk6sf k|d'v zf;snfO{ dfq …/fO{Ú elgGYof] . h;n] ;/sf/L dfnkf]t jf lt/f]–ef/f] p7fpg'sf ;fy} ljleGg /}tL dfly zf;g ub{y] . /}tLnfO{ …lhdLÚ jf k'?ifnfO{ …lhDbf/Ú, :qLnfO{ …lhDbf/gLÚ elgGyof] . /fO{sf /}tLx?dWo] rflDnª, jfGtfjf, s'n'ª, lkndf]ª, ;f]tfª, g]jfxfª, ofDkm" , ;fDkfª, y'n'ª, vflnª, rf}/f:of, nf]xf]?ª, cflb -xfn /fO{ eg]/ n]Vg]x?_ lyP . To; k|yf cg';f/ /fO{nfO{ pk/fhf ;/xsf] clwsf/ k|fKt lyof] eg] pgsf] d[To'kl5 /fO{sf] 5f]/f h]7fn] dfq …/fO{Ú  x'g kfp+bYof] / cGo 5f]/fx? rflx+ /}tL jf lhdL g} x'Gy] . kl5 lsk6Lo zf;g k|0ffnL lj36g ePkl5 /}tL jf lhdLnfO{ klg /fO{ eGg yflnof] .

…/fO{Ú zAbsf] pTklt …/foÚ sf] cke|+lzt zAb x'g'k5{, h;sf] zflAbs cy{ x'g hfG5 …GofoÚ jf jsfnt . Gofokfns jf ;xL jsfnt ug{ ;Sg] cf]h:jL JolQmnfO{ g} k|lti7f ;"rs tTsfnLg zf;sx?n] …/fO{Ú sf] pkflw lbg] ul/Psf] a'lemG5 . k|;+uj;\ tTsfnLg l;lSsd nufot ef/tdf klg pQm ;Ddfghgs …/fO{Ú, …;'AafÚ / …b]jfgÚ kb s'g} cf]h:jL JolQmnfO{ k|lti7f ;"rs pkflw k|bfg ul/GYof] . pbfx/0fsf nflu k"j{ l;lSsd kfr]–vfgLsf :juL{o 6S;f/L rGb|aL/ k|wfgsf 5f]/f eLdaxfb'/ k|wfgnfO{ l;lSsd jg ljefusf] clwsf/L x'+bf bIfzLn sfo{ / kof{j/0f ;DjGwL 7"nf] of]ubfg lbP jfkt ;g\ !($# df tTsfnLg ;/sf/n] …/fO{Ú ;fx]asf] kb\jL lbPsf lyP . To:t} jd]{ssf sfhLnfO{ k|zf;g sf}zntfsf nflu …b]jfgÚ kbn] /fl6«o ;Ddfg lje"lift ul/Psf lyP .

…/fO{Ú pkflw cfh ef]ln g]kfndf bg'jf/ hfltx?n] klg cfkm\gf] gfdsf] k5fl8 n]Vg] u/]sf] kfOG5 eg] ef/tdf a+ufnsf] sltko a+ufnL, pQ/f+rnsf] u8jfnL / k+hfasf] sltko k+hfaLx?n] klg …/fO{Ú n]Vg] u/]sf] kfOG5 . -;L=Pd= vDj" , gfDrL, blIf0f l;lSsd, @))%M ……/fO{ sf] x'g\ ?Ú, k]h !) / !!_

·       lsk6 rnfpg] d'Vo zf;ssf] kbnfO{ /fO{ elgGYof] . k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] x:tfIf/Lt nfndf]x/åf/f /fO{ kb k|fKt ePsf] lyof]] / /fO{nfO{ pk/fhf ;/xsf] clwsf/ k|fKt lyof] . /fO{sf] d[To' ePkl5 /fO{sf] 5f]/f h]7f /fO{ x'g kfpbYof] eg] c? 5f]/fx? rflx /}tL x'GYof] / pgLx?nfO{ lhdL elgGYof] . @)!^ ;fn;Dd n]lvPsf] k'/fgf] sfuh kqdf zf;snfO{ /fO{ / /}tLnfO{ lhdL n]lvPsf] kfOG5 . /fO{ kb k|fKt JolQmnfO{ /fO{dfq elgb}gYof], lhDdfjfn, tfn's, ku/L klg eGg] ul/GYof] .

/fO{n] lsk6df zf;g ubf{ cfly{s sf/f]jf/ ldnfpg] JolQm /fVby], h;nfO{ sf/jf/L elgGYof] . n]vfk9Lsf] sfd ug]{ ;lrjnfO{ åf/] eGg] ul/GYof] . /fO{n] /}tLx?jf6 lt/f] p7fP/ s]Gb| ;/sf/4f/f tf]lsPsf] s'g} lglZrt :yfg cyf{t dfn sfof{nodf j'emfpg / Hofg ;DjGwL d'4f hfx]/ ug{{ kb{Yof] . cGo s'/fsf] nflu ;Dk"0f{ lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/ /fO{nfO{ k|fKt lyof] . /}ltx? 3/nf}/L p7]/ /fO{sf] v]tLkftL nufO{ lbg / p7fO{ lbg ;3fpg' hfg' kb{Yof] . /}tLn] cfkmgf] hUufsf] lt/f] j'emfp+bf lt/f] j'emfpg hfg / cfpg /fO{nfO{ jf6f] vr{ lbg' kb{Yof] . -e"kWjh yf]d/; s'n'ª ;+lIfKt kl/ro, @)%) k]h &_ tyf -e"kWjh yf]d/f];\ s'n'ª ;f+:s[lts cWoog @)%& k]h #*_

·       bz}+sf] gjdLsf] lbg /}tLx? 3/nf}/L p7]/ lhDdfjfn -/fO{_ sf] 3/df e]nf eO{ dfn>L kf7 u/L /f+‘uf, jf]sf / efn] dWo] s'g} Ps sf6L b'uf{ ejfgLnfO{ jnL r9fpg] rng lyof] . jnL r9fPsf] /utjf6 k}tfnf / xts]nfsf] 5fk b}nf]sf] lz/fgdf nufpg' kg]{ tyf df/ xfGbf e?jf jGb"s k8\sfpg] rng klg lyof] . bzdLsf] lbg /fO{sf] xftsf] 6Lsf yfKg cfp+bf /}tLx?n] cfkm\gf] hftcg';f/sf] sf];]nL lnP/ cfpg' kg]{ rng lyof] h:t} M If]qL jfx'gn] bxL /f]6L, z]kf{n] cfn'sf] k]?Ëf], u'?Ë, du/, tfdfª, lhdL -lhdbf/_ cflbn] hf‘+8 /S;L /fO{nfO{ r9fpg' kg]{ x'GYof] . klxn] bz}+df df/ xfGg] rng /fO{sf] 3/df dfq lyof], /}tLsf] 3/df lyPg . /}tLn] cfkm\gf] 3/df l6sf nufpg' gnufpg' rflx+ :j]R5fdf e/ kb{Yof] . -e"kWjh yf]d/f];\ s'n'ª ;f+:s[lts cWoog @)%& k]h *%_ .

·       /fO{ k|yf pGd"ng x'g' eGbf klxn] Bf}l;/], e}nf] v]Nbf /fO{sf] 3/jf6 z'? ul/GYof] . s'n'ª ;dfhdf ltxf/df efO6Lsf nufpg] rng klxn] lyPg . j"9f kfsfx? clxn] klg efO{6Lsf nufpb}gg\ -e"kWjh yf]d/f];\ s'n'ª ;f+:s[lts cWoog @)%& k]h *^_

·       Gofo M s;}sf] wgdfn xfgL gf]S;fgL ug]{, z/L/df wSsf k'¥ofpg] / ufnL j]OHhtL ul/Psf] cj:yfdf /fO{ ;dIf hfx]/L ug{ kfOg] Joj:yf lyof] . s'g} klg sf/0fjf6 b'O{ Jolqmx? jLr kg]{ em}emu8fdf Gofo cGofo 5'6\ofpg /fO{sf] cWoIftfdf srx/L j:bYof] . /fO{ pkl:yt gePsf] srx/L j}wflgs dflgb}gYof] . -e"kwjh yf]d/f];\ s'n'ª ;f+:s[lts cWoog @)%& k]h (*_

·       lsk6leq /x]sf k|fs[lts ;|f]tx? /fO{sf] :jLs[lt lnO{ /}tLn] pkef]u ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf lyof] -e"kWjh yf]d/f];\ s'n'ª ;f+:s[lts cWoog @)%& k]h !)!_

·       …/fO{Ú eg]sf] hft xf]Og, …kbÚ xf] . /fO{sf] efiff / ;+:s[lt st} e]l6b}g . s;}n] /fO{sf] efiff jf ;+:s[lt eg]/ s]xL lqmofsnfk b]vfp+5 eg] To;leq jfGtfjf, rflDnª, ;fDkfª, s'n'ª, vflnª, y'n'ª, cflbdWo] s;}sf] efiff, /Llt–l/jfh n's]sf] x'G5 . -lvndfg jflw/Ln] lbPsf] cGtjf{tf, ;'St'd\, jif{ &, c+s @, r}q @)%&, kfgf !%_

·       …/fO{Ú kbjL ePsf] s'/f ljleGg zJbsf]ifx?df klg kfOG5 . g]kfnL a[xt\ zJbsf]zsf cg';f/ æ/fO{Æ zJbn] k|frLg g]kfnL efiffdf /fhfnfO{ -ljz]iftM s0ff{nL k|b]zsf_ j'emfp+b5 . dof{bfsf nflu lbOPsf] Ps ku/L . k|frLg sfndf dfnkf]t jf lt/f]e/f] p7fpg] Ps kbflwsf/L elgPsf] 5 . 

·       8f= l8NnL/fd bfxfnsf] @)^@ ;fn ;fpg @% df /fhwfgL b}lgssf] k]h $ df k|sflzt n]v cg';f/ g]kfnsf ls/fltx?df /fO{sf] Oltxf; @%) jif{ eGbf sd /x]sf] / of] ;]g /fhfx?n] k"j{ ljho u/]kl5 ls/f+t k|b]zsf s]xL d'Vv]nL k|d'vx?nfO{ /fo kbjL lbPsf lyP / Tof] /fo kbjL g} kl5 uP/ /fO{ jGof] . t/ /fO{ leq ljleGg hfthfltx? s'n'ª, jGtfjf, rfdlnª, nf]xf]?ª, vflnª cflb kb{5g\ . hf] eflifs ;f+:s[lts lx;fjn] Ps csf{df Psbd} km/s 5g\ . kbjL hf]8]/ dfq /fO{ Pp6f ;d"x jg]sf] b]lvG5 cflb pNn]v 5 .

ls/ft e"dLsf ls/ftLx?n] dfq ge} cGo hft÷hfltsf JolQmx?n] klg …/fO{Ú kb rnfPsf] b]lvG5 . ;f]n'v'Dj' lhNnfsf] ;f]Qf] -;f]tfª_ sf lzjjxfb'/ / bLkjxfb'/ j:g]tx?n] klg …/fO{Ú ku/L kfPsf lyP .

cf]vn9'+uf /ftdf6]sf 6]sdfWjh sfsL{, t]hk|;fb sf]O/fnf klg /fO{ lyP . 8f]Nkfdf /f]sfof If]qLx?, hfh/sf]6df j:g]t If]qL /fO{ lyP . e"6fgdf uh{jxfb'/ u'?ª /fO{ lyP .

ls/ft /fO{ ofof]Vvfjf6 @)^@ j}zfvdf k|sflzt lgK;'ª c+s @@, jif{ !@, sf] -k]h %^_ ……/fO{ / ;'Aaf pkgfd ;DjGwdfÚÚ /fdrGb| /fO{n] -ofof]Svf lgK;'ª ;fs]nf ljz]iff+s, jif{ $ c+s @ jf6 ;fef/ u/L k|sfzgdf Nofpg' ePsf] n]vdf k[YjL gf/fo0f zfxsf !^ lk+l8 cl3sf k"vf{x? klg /fO{ ePsf] pNn]v 5 . olb /fO{ hflt xf] / of] ls/ftL d"nsf] x'GYof] eg], s] k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf k"vf{ ls/ft lyP t .

o;/L g} g]kfnsf t/fO{df j;f]jf; ug]{ ofbfj cflb hfltx? -/fox?_, gjnk/f;L, kfNkfdf du/, dsjfgk'/ tyf g'jfsf]6df bg'jf/, lnDj', ofVvf, ;'g'jf/, lh/]n, xfo', b/fO{, cflb hfltx?df klg /fO{ hf]l8Psf] kfOG5 . @)^$ ;fndf jf+s] If]q g+ @, dhkmf]jf6 ;+ljwfg;ef ;b:o -;efifb_ df r'lgPsf Pshgf ;b:o df]xDdb Ol:tofs /fO{ x'g'x'G5 . …/fO{Ú df hflto ljlzi6tf gePs} sf/0f cGo hfltx? jfx'g, If]qL, du/, bg'jf/, lnDj', ofVvf, xfo', b/fO{, lh/]n cflbdf /fO{ hf]l8Psf x'g\ . s'g} klg hfltdf csf]{ hfltsf] klxrfg ;lhn} hf]l8g ;Sb}g . h:t} u'?ªn] du/, lnDj"n] rflDnª, nfKrfn] tfdfª cflb h:tf cs}{ hfltsf] gfd em'08fPsf] kfOb}g .

hflto klxrfgsf ;DjGwdf ljleGg ljåfgx?n] lgDgfg';f/ kl/efiff u/]sf] kfOG5 M

·       æhflt eg]sf] Pp6f ;femf efiff, Onfsf, cly{s hLjg / ;+:s[ltdf JolQmg] dg]fj}1flgs :jf?ksf] cfwf/df lgld{t Ps P]ltxfl;s ?kn] :yflkt l:y/ hg ;d'bfo xf] .Æ -hf];]km :6flng_

·       æhfltutsf] cfwf/ eg]sf] dft[efiff xf] / of] x'g' kb{5, of] g} hflto :j–klxrfg xf] .Æ -8f= xs{ u'?ª_

·       æhfltsf] klxrfgsf] klxnf] cfwf/ eg]s} ltgLx?n] af]Ng] efiff xf] . efiff ;+:s[ltsf] ;+afxs x'gfn] efiff afFr] hflt afRb5 .Æ -efiffzf:qL cd[t of]~hg_

·       æcflbjf;Lx¿df lkt[e"ld, P}ltxfl;s lg/Gt/tf, dft[efiff nufotsf 5'§} ;f+:s[lts klxrfg / zflift eP/ /xg' k/]sf] h:tf ljz]iftfx¿dWo] s]xL jf ;a} x'g]5g\ .Æ -xf]h] cf/= dfl6{g]h sf]j]_

·       æefiff / ;+:s[lt hftLo lrgf/L xf] . xf8=, df;' / /utjf6 dflg;sf] hft 5'6fpg ;lsb}g . efiff / ;+:s[lt eg]sf] hflt 5'6\ofpg] nId0f /]vf xf] . efiff / ;+:s[lt ;lsof] eg] hftLo cl:tTj ;dfKt x'G5 .Æ 1fgjxfb'/ jflb/L, cWoIf, s'n'ª ;+3, bfhL{nª M 5]nfDt'd\ @)^) df3, jif{ @, c+s #, kfgf !%_ .

cflbjf;L hghflt pTyfg /fli6«o k|lti7fg P]g @)%* sf] kl/R5b ! wf/f @ -s_ cg';f/ clbjf;L hghfltsf] kl/efiff lgDgfg';f/ u/]sf] 5 M

s_ cfk\mgf] dft[ efiff ePsf],

v_ k/Dk/fut /Lltl/jfh ePsf],

u_ 5'§} ;+:s[lts klxrfg ePsf],

3_ 5'§} ;fdflhs ;+/rgf / lnlvt jf clnlvt Oltxf; ePsf] .

g]kfn cflbjf;L hghflt dxf;+3sf] ljwfg cg';f/ lgDgfg';f/ kl/efiff u/]sf] 5 M

s_ cfk\mgf] 5'§} ;+:s[lts klxrfg ePsf],

v_ k/Dk/fut efiff, wd{, /Lltl/jfh / ;+s[lt ePsf],

u_ k/Dk/fut ;fdflhs ;+/rgf ;dgtfdf cfwfl/t ePsf],

3_ cfk\mgf] k/Dk/fut ef}uf]lns If]q ePsf],

ª_ lnlvt jf clnlvt Oltxf; ePsf],

r_ ;d'bfo leq xfdL efjgf ePsf],

5_ ;d'bfosf] cfw'lgs g]kfnsf] /fhgLlt / /fHo ;+/rgfdf lg0f{os e"ldsf gePsf],

h_ h;n] cfk"mnfO{ cflbjf;L hghflt eG5g\ .

cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7g dxf;lGw g+= !^( sf] cg';f/ M

s_ 5'§} efiff ;+:s[lt l/ltl/jfh ePsf] ;d'bfo

v_ ljz]if sfg"g jf lgodåf/f lgolGqt ;d'bfo

u_ ef}uf]lns ljho jf cf}klgj]zLs/0f jf jt{dfg /fHo ;Ldfsf] :yfkgf sfneGbf klxn]b]lv g} a;f]af; u/]sf ;d'bfo 

ljZj a}+s sfof{Tds gLltx¿sf] d:of}bf cf]=kL] $=!) df pNn]v ePcg';f/ M

s_ cflbjf;L cNk;+Vos hghfltx¿

v_ /}yfg]x¿ kxf8L hghfltx¿

u_ ;'lrs[t hflt jf slanf ;d"xx¿

3_ :ki6, ;+s6u|:t ;fdflhs ;f+:s[lts ;d"xx¿

ª_ ljlzi6 cflbjf;L ;f+:s[lts ;d"xsf ;b:ox¿sf] :jMklxrfg / c¿n] klg To;nfO{ :jLsf/ u/]sf]

r_ lglZrt ef}uf]lns If]qdf a;f]af; jf k'Vof}{nL ynf] ePsf / tL If]q jf ynf]sf k|fs[lts ;|f]tx¿df ;fd'lxs nufj ePsf -ank"j{s o:tf] nufjaf6 ljd'vx¿nfO{ klg cflbjf;L dfGg ;lsG5_

5_ k|e'TjzfnL ;d"xsf] ;dfh / ;+:s[lt eGbf 5'§} k/Dk/fut ;+:s[lt, cfly{s, ;fdflhs jf /fhg}lts ;+:yfx¿ ePsf]

h_ d'n'ssf] jf If]qsf] ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] efiff eGbf a]Un} cflbjf;L efiff ePsf

dfly k|:t't ePsf cfwf/x?n] ls/ftLx?sf] klxrfg /fO{ gePsf] :ki6 ub{5 . hflto klxrfgsf nflu ;fd'lxs efiff, ;+:s[lt k|d'v cfwf/ dflgPsf] 5 . /fO{ Pp6f kbjL ePsf] sf/0f g} o;sf] s'g} efiff, wd{, ;+:s[lt 5}g . ls/ft cGt{utsf rflDnª, jGtfjf, nf]xf]?ª, jflxª, ofDkm", s'n'ª, cflb hfltx? cfkmg} efiff, ;+:s[lt, k/Dk/f ePsf hfltx? x'g\ .

o;sf/0f hflto klxrfgsf] cfwf/ gePsf] …/fO{Ú ku/LnfO{ hflt xf] elg hj/hl:t af]Sg' / o;k|lt uf}/j ug'{df s'g} t's b]lvb}g . g]kfn PsLs/0f;+u} /fHon] ls/ftLx?sf] k/+k/fut /fhgLlts ;+/rgf Wj:t u/L hj/hl:t nflbPsf] kb …/fO{Ú cGt{utsf] ;+/rgf / o; dfkm{t ul/Psf lxGb"s/0fsf sf/0f ls/ftL k"vf{x?n] cfkm\gf k|f0f;+u hf]l8Psf] efiff, ;+:s[lt eGg kfPgg\ . cfkm\gf klxrfg eGg kfPgg\ . pgLx?sf] dg slt /f]of] xf]nf . pgLx? s'g cj:yfdf af+r] xf]nfg\ . o;n] cfhsf] ls/ftLx?nfO{ klg kSs} kf]N5 . k"vf{x?n] ;[hgf u/]sf ;+:sf/ ;+:s[lt / pgLx?n] lbPsf gfd k|lt ua{ ub}{ ls/ftL klxrfgsf] ;+j4{g, k|j4{g ug'{ cfhsf] ls/ftLx?sf] st{Jo xf] . xf]Og eg] k"vf{x?sf] cfTdfn] ;/fKg]5 .